非谓语动词-凯发k8官网

非谓语动词
文章来源: 文章作者: 发布时间:2006-09-22 02:56 字体: [ ] 
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非谓语动词:

  在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式(the infinitive);动名词(the gerund);现在分词(the present participle);过去分词(the past participle)。

一、非谓语动词与谓语动词

1.相同点:

(1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如:

they built a garden.

they suggested building a garden.

(2)都可以被状语修饰:

the suit fits him very well.

the suit used to fit him very well.

(3)都有主动与被动, “体”式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化。例如:

he was punished by his parents.(谓语动词被动语态)

he avoided being punished by his parents.(动名词的被动式)

we have written the composition.(谓语动词的完成时)

having written the composition, we handed it in.(现在分词的完成式)

(4)都可以有逻辑主语

they started the work at once.(谓语动词的逻辑主语)

the boss ordered them to start the work.(动词不定式的逻辑主语)

we are league members.(谓语动词的主语)

we being league member, the work was well done. (现在分词的逻辑主语)

2、不同点:

(1)非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语。

(2)非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。

(3)非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语。

二、非谓语动词用法:

(一)动词不定式:(to) do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。

1.不定式的形式:

否定式:not (to) do

(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,
例如:

i'm glad to meet you.

he seems to know a lot.

we plan to pay a visit.

he wants to be an artist.

the patient asked to be operated on at once.

the teacher ordered the work to be done.

(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:

the boy 2 to be working hard.

he seems to be reading in his room.

(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:

i regretted to have told a lie.

i happened to have seen the film.

he is pleased to have met his friend.

2.不定式的句法功能:

(1)作主语:

to finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.

to lose your heart 3 failure.

  动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,例如上面两句可用如下形式:

it is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.

it means failure to lose your heart.

(2)作表语:

her job is to clean the hall.

he appears to have caught a cold.

(3)作宾语:

  常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, 1, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:

marx found it important to study the situation in russia.

动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:

i have no choice but to stay here.

he did nothing last sunday but repair his bike.

动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:

he gave us some advice on how to learn english.

(4)作宾语补足语:

  在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, 4, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.

  此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:

with a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.

  有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如:

i saw him cross the road.

he was seen to cross the road.

(5)作定语:

  动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:

①动宾关系:

i have a meeting to attend.

  注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:

he found a good house to live in.

the child has nothing to worry about.

what did you open it with?

  如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:

he has no place to live.

this is the best way to work out this problem.

  如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:

have you got anything to send?

have you got anything to be sent?

②说明所修饰名词的内容:

we have made a plan to finish the work.

③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:

he is the first to get here.

(6)作状语:

①表目的:

he worked day and night to get the money.

she sold her hair to buy the watch chain.

  注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:

wrong:to save money, every means has been tried.

right:to save money, he has tried every means.

wrong:to learn english well, a dictionary is needed.

right:to learn english well, he needs a dictionary.

②表结果:

he arrived late to find the train gone.

  常用only放在不定式前表示强调:

i visited him only to find him out.

③表原因:

they were very sad to hear the news.

④表程度:

it's too dark for us to see anything.

the question is simple for him to answer.

(7)作独立成分:

to tell you the truth, i don't like the way he talked.

(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。

if you don't want to do it, you don't need to.

(9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。

he wished to study medicine and become a doctor.

(二)动名词:

  动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。

1.动名词的形式:

否定式:not 动名词

(1)一般式:

seeing is believing. 眼见为实。

(2)被动式:

he came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。

(3)完成式:

we remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。

(4)完成被动式:

he forgot having been taken to guangzhou when he was five years old.

他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。

(5)否定式:not 动名词

i regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。

(6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格) 动名词

he suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。

his not knowing english troubled him a lot.

他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。

2.动名词的句法功能:

(1)作主语:

reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。

collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。

当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。

it's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。

(2)作表语:

in the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.

在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。

(3)作宾语:

they haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。

we have to prevent the air from being 5.

我们必须阻止空气被污染。

  注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:

we found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。

  要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:

enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,6, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be 7 in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like

(4)作定语:

he can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。

is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗?

(5)作同位语:

the cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。

his habit, listening to the news on the radio 8 unchanged.

他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。

(三)现在分词:

  现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。

1、现在分词的形式:

 

否定式:not 现在分词

(1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:

they went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。

having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球。

(2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。

the problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。

having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.

被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。

2.现在分词的句法功能:

(1)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。

in the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。

the man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.

正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。

  现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.

(2)现在分词作表语:

the film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。

the present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。

  be doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。

(3)作宾语补足语:

  如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:

see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:

can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?

he kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。

(4)现在分词作状语:

①作时间状语:

(while) working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.

在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。

②作原因状语:

being a league member, he is always 10 others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。

③作方式状语,表示伴随:

he stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。

④作条件状语:

(if) playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.

要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。

⑤作结果状语:

he dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。

⑥作目的状语:

he went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。

⑦作让步状语:

though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.

虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。

⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:

i waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.

我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。

all the tickets having been sold out, they went away 11.

所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。

time 12, we'll do another two exercises.

如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。

有时也可用with (without) 名词(代词宾格) 分词形式

with the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。

⑨作独立成分:

udging from(by) his 13, he must be an actor.

从外表看,他一定是个演员。

generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心。

(四)过去分词:

  过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。

  过去分词的句法功能:

1.过去分词作定语:

our class went on an organized trip last monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。

those elected as 14 members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。

  注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。

2.过去分词作表语:

the window is broken. 窗户破了。

they were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。

注意:be 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:

the window is broken.(系表)

the window was broken by the boy.(被动)

  有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。如:

boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶)

15 arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳)

the changed world(变了的世界)

  这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。

3.过去分词作宾语补足语:

i heard the song sung several times last week.

上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。

  有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:

with the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。

4.过去分词作状语:

praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.

受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)

once seen, it can never be forgotten.

一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)

given more time, i'll be able to do it better.

如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)

though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.

虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)

  由于自身的特点和复杂性,非谓语动词是中学生较难掌握语法项目之一,也是短文改错命题的一个热点。非谓语动词内容很多,因此命题的知识点也有很多。短文改错除了考查非谓语动词的基本功能外,还考查非谓语动词的形式变化以及动词与非谓语动词的不同搭配等。

三、易错点回顾:

1. 下面短语中的to是介词,后面只能跟名词或动名词:
16 oneself/one’s time, energy, etc. to(投入……),get down to(着手干……),lead to (通向,导致),object to(反对),pay attention to (注意),look forward to (盼望),be used to (习惯于),stick to (坚持)等。
〔误〕 his whole family objected to his give up the job.
〔正〕 his whole family objected to his giving up the job.

2. 下列动词后只能跟不定式:
afford, agree, ask, attempt, choose, decide, hope, expect, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等。
〔误〕 he offered helping me.
〔正〕 he offered to help me.

3. 下列动词或动词短语的后面只能跟动名词:
admit(承认),appreciate, avoid, can’t help(禁不住), stand(忍受), consider (考虑,打算),enjoy, escape (躲避),excuse, finish, give up, imagine, insist on, mind, miss(错过), practise, put off, risk, set about, suggest(建议)等。
〔误〕 he admitted to break the window.
〔正〕 he admitted breaking the window.

4. 下列动词后既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词,但含义不同:
forget to do (忘记了要干什么) forget doing (忘了干过的事情)
regret to do (指当时或现在遗憾地做什么) regret doing (后悔做了什么事情)
try to do ( 试图干) try doing (尝试干)
stop doing (停止干) stop to do (停下来去干另一件事情)
mean to do (打算干) mean doing (意味着干)
go on to do (继续去干另一件事情) go on doing (继续干同一件事情)
〔误〕 he regretted to hurt his best friend.
〔正〕 he regretted hurting his best friend.
〔析〕表示"后悔干过……",regret后跟动名词。

5. 下列动词后跟带to的不定式作补语:
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, 17, wish等。
〔误〕 my father had expected me going to college.
〔正〕 my father had expected me to go to college.
〔析〕"期望某人干……"是expect sb. to do sth.。

6. 下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作补语,但在被动语态中要加上to:
make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, feel, look at, listen to等。
〔误〕 the boy was made wash the truck as a punishment.
〔正〕 the boy was made to wash the truck as a punishment.

7. 在easy, difficult, hard, interesting, pleasant等形容词后的不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。
〔误〕 i find the article difficult to be understood.
〔正〕 i find the article difficult to understand.

8. 在be worth, want, need, require后用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。
〔误〕 the plant needs be watered.
〔正〕 the plant needs watering.
〔析〕need to be done=need doing,动名词主动形式表被动。

9. 由不及物动词构成不定式且不定式与其有逻辑上的动宾关系时,动词的后面需加适当的介词补充说明前面的名词或代词。
〔误〕 he is well prepared for the exam and has nothing to worry.
〔正〕 he is well prepared for the exam and has nothing to worry about.
〔析〕worry是不及物动词,且与前面的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系,因此后面需加介词。

10.典例题

例1〕 having passed all the tests , she felt a great weight taking off her mind. taking→taken。此句的意思是"通过了所有的测验,她感到去掉了一块心病"。weight 与take off 是动宾关系,所以用过去分词形式,taken off 在句中作宾语补足语。

〔例2〕in 18 of his breaking english ,he can make himself understood.
breaking→broken。broken english 表示不连贯的英语。

〔例3〕i didn’t go to visit the science museum on national day but i hope it soon.
it→to。 为了表达简练,我们可把不定式中的动词和后面的部分省略,而仅仅保留不定式符号to。

〔例4〕 the new college graduate insisted on sent where he was most needed.
sent前加being。 insist 一词后接从句或on doing 短语,动词send和主语graduate 是动宾关系,所以需用动名词的被动式。

四、指导借鉴

  非谓语动词具有灵活多变的特点,大家在判断使用何种非谓语动词形式时,可遵循以下规律:

1. 对比时间:对照谓语动词的时间,确定非谓语动词的时态形式
非谓语动词的各种时态形式都是依据句子的谓语动词的时态形式而变化的。一般情况下,如果非谓语动词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生,我们就用不定式的一般式;如果表示动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行,我们就用现在分词的一般式或不定式的进行式;如果表示动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,我们就用现在分词、不定式或动名词的完成式(特殊情况下,也可用动名词的一般式)。

2.辨明逻辑:从非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系判断非谓语动词的语态
如果非谓语动词的逻辑主语是非谓语动词动作的发出者,即两者之间存在主谓关系,就用非谓语动词的主动式;如果逻辑主语是非谓语动词动作的承受者,即两者之间存在动宾关系,就用非谓语动词的被动式。

3. 两方面结合,判断时态、语态混合形式
有些非谓语动词的形式把时态和语态的变化融合在一起,这时,我们可以把上述两方面结合起来判断。在非谓语动词的逻辑主语是非谓语动词动作的承受者的情况下,a)如果非谓语动词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,就用现在分词的被动式;b)如果动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生,就用不定式的被动式;c)如果动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,就用现在分词、动名词或不定式的完成被动式。

五、简明记

  在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式,动名词,和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。

1)不定式
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done

2)动名词
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done

3)分词
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式: not 不定式, not 动名词, not 现在分词

六、现在分词和动名词的区别

i.动名词与现在分词作表语时的比较

1.动名词作表语说明主语的内容,回答 what的问题;现在分词作表语相当于形容词作表语,说明主语的性质、特征等,回答how的问题。如:
①one of the best exercises is swimming.游泳是最好的运动项目之一。
②what pleases him most is 19 in the sea.最使他高兴的事是在海中沐浴。
③the situation both at home and abroad is very in- 9.国内外的形势都很鼓舞人心。
④the color is pleasing to the eye.颜色悦目。

2.动名词作表语,表语和主语几乎处于同等地位,可以互换位置,其句意不变;现在分词作表语,表语和主语则不能互换位置。如:
①our work is serving the people.(=serving the people is our work.)我们的工作是为人民服务。
②the news was disappointing.那消息令人失望。

3.作表语的现在分词前可以用very,quite,rather, greatly等副词修饰,而动名词则不可以。如:
①what he said was very encouraging.他的话很鼓舞人心。
②our goal is realizing the four 20 in the near future.我们的目标是在不久的将来实现四个现代化。

4.现在分词与形容词一样可以和more,the most构成形容词的比较级和最高级,而动名词则不可以。如:
the story is the most 21.那个故事最迷人。

5.作表语用的现在分词除了和be连用以外,还可以和其它的系动词连用;而作表语的动名词则通常只能和be连用。如:
① his speech seems inspiring.他的演讲似乎很鼓舞人心。
②his interest is writing for the newspapers.他的爱好是给报社写文章。

6.有些用作表语的现在分词已经形容词化了。常见的有:exciting,moving,inspiring,missing,interesting, disappointing等。

ii.动名词与现在分词作定语时的比较
1.动名词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系;现在分词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系,常可以扩展成一个定语从句。如:
a swimming girl =a girl who is swimming一个在游泳的姑娘
a walking stick =a stick that is used for walking一根拐杖

2.现在分词作定语有时可以后置,而动名词则通常只能放在它所修饰的名词之前。如:
①the girl wearing glasses is one of his students.戴眼镜的那个女孩是他的一个学生。
②i bought some reading materials.我买了一些阅读材料。

七、动词不定式和其它非谓语动词用法比较

1、动词不定式和动名词作主语比较

  动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性动作,不定式作主语表示具体的或一次性的动作,特别是将来的动作。例如:

  _______ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.(met 1992)

  a.the walk b.walking c.to walk d.walk(key:b)

2、动词不定式、动名词、分词作表语比较

  (1)不定式和动名词作表语的区别同作主语一样。

  his job is building houses.

  our task now is to increase food production.

  (2)动词不定式和动名词作表语说明主语的内容,现在分词作表语表示主语所具有的特征,过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。

  the real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers.

  the most important thing is to put theory into practice.

  the purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,_______ it more difficult.(nmet 1999)

  a.not make b.not to make c.not making d.do not make (key:b)

3、动词不定式和动名词作宾语比较

  (1)有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语,如:want,wish,hope,manage,de- mand,promise,refuse,pretend,plan, offer,decide,agree,expect等。

  we agreed _______ here,but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.(nmet 1995)

  a.having met b.meeting c.to meet d.to have met (key:c)

  (2)有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语,如:admit,appreciate,avoid,con- sider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape, excuse,finish,forgive,imagine, keep,mind,miss,practise,resist, risk,suggest,deny等。

  the 22 was so lucky that it just missed_______ .(met 1987)

  a.23 b.to be caught c.being caught d.to catch (key:c)

  i would appreciate_______ back this afternoon.(met 1992)

  a.you to call b.you call c.you calling d.you’re calling(key:c)

  (3)有些动词后既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词,意义上无多大区别,如:love, like,hate,prefer,intend,start, continue等。

  i intend to finish/finish- ing the task this morning.

  (4)有些动词后既可以跟不定式,又可以跟动名词,但意义上有区别,如:forget,remember, mean,regret,stop,try等。

  —the light in the office is still on.

  —oh,i forgot _______ .(met 1991)

  a.turning it off b.turn it off c.to turn it off d.having turned it off(key:c)

  —you were brave enough to raise 24 at the meeting.

  —well,now i regret _______ that.(nmet 1995)

  a.to do b.to be doing c.to have done d.having done(key:d)

4、动词不定式、分词作宾语补足语和主语补足语比较

  (1)有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语补足语或主语补足语,如:ask,tell,order,want,wish,warn, allow,advise,permit,forbid等。

  the patientwas 25 _______ oily food after the operation.(nmet 1996)

  a.to eat not b.eating not c.not to eat d.not eating(key:c)

  (2)有些动词后既可以跟不定式,又可以跟分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语,但意义不同,如:see,watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,have, make等,且不定式不带to,但在被动结构中必须带to。不定式指动作的全过程;现在分词指正在进行的动作的一部分,且表主动意义;过去分词指已经完成的动作,且表被动意义。

  paul doesn’t have to be made .he always 26 hard.(nmet 1995)

  a.learn b.to learn c.27 d.learning(key:b)

  the manager discussed the plan that they would like so see the next year.(nmet 2000)

  a.carry out   b.carrying out   c.carried out   d.to carry out(key:c)

5、不定式、动名词、分词作定语比较

  (1)不定式作定语表示“将要”,现在分词表示“正在”或主动,过去分词表示“已经”。

  the olympic games,in 776 b.c.,did not include women players until1912.(nmet 1997)

  a.first playing b.to be first played c.first played d.to be first playing(key:c)

  when i got back home i saw a message pinned to the door“sorry to miss you; will call later.”(nmet 1999)

  a.read b.reads c.to read d.reading(key:d)

  (2)动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途,现在分词作定语表示被修饰名词的动作。

  a swimming pool动名词作定语,a swim- ming fish现在分词作定语。

6、动词不定式作状语修饰动词、形容词,表示原因、目的和结果,分词作状语修饰动词和句子,表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随和结果。

  ____late in the morning,bob turned off the alarm.(nmet 2001)

  a.to sleep b.sleeping c.sleep d.having slept(key:a)

  ____such heavy pollution already,it may now be too late to clean up the river.(nmet 2000)

  a.having suffered b.suffering c.to suffer d.suffered(key:a)

  _____more attention,the trees could have grown better.(met 1990)

  a.given b.to give c.giving d.having given(key:a)



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 2q4xj     
vt.假装,假托,装扮;vi.假装,装作
参考例句:
  • so you don't need to pretend,do you?所以你不必装假了,对吧?
  • many people pretend that they understand modern art.许多人装着自己懂得现代艺术。
2 hl8zzc     
adj.假装的;徒有外表的;传说的;号称的v.假装( pretend的过去式和过去分词 );伪装;(尤指儿童)(在游戏中)装扮;自诩
参考例句:
  • he pretended that resigning was part of his long-term career strategy. 他假装辞职是他长远事业规划的一部分。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • he politely pretended not to have heard this remark. 他有礼貌地假装没有听到这句话。 来自《简明英汉词典》
3 9oxzbx     
n.方法,手段,折中点,物质财富
参考例句:
  • that man used artful means to find out secrets.那人使用狡猾的手段获取机密。
  • we must get it done by some means or other.我们总得想办法把它干完。
4 jmixb     
n.许可证,许可,执照;vt.允许,容许;vi.容许
参考例句:
  • the doctor will not permit mother up until her leg is better.在母亲的腿好些之前,医生不允许她起床。
  • the soldiers had orders to permit no stranger through.士兵们接到命令不许任何陌生人通过。
5 dlrzev     
adj.被污染的
参考例句:
  • polluted air hangs over the city.城市上空被污染的空气所笼罩。
  • the air was polluted by factory smoke.空气被工厂冒的烟污染了。
6 uxixo     
v./ n.拖延,延误,延迟,延期;耽搁
参考例句:
  • the strike caused a great delay in the delivery of the mail.这次罢工严重地延误了邮件的投递。
  • i couldn't judge whether the delay was good or bad.我不能断定这样延迟是好还是坏。
7 st6zn9     
a.having agree to get married
参考例句:
  • they are engaged in talks with the irish government. 他们正忙着与爱尔兰政府谈判。
  • the old lady engaged herself in making clothes for her children. 这位老太太忙着为孩子们做衣服。
8 1kmzty     
n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹
参考例句:
  • he ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
  • the remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。
9 4f306c72a2186c94442c8058440ff8c3     
v.(教堂的) 塔尖,尖顶( spire的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • worry, fear, self-distrust1 bows heart and turns the spiring back to dust. 岁月悠悠,衰微只及肌肤;热忱抛却,颓唐必至灵魂。 来自互联网
  • objective to observe the efficiency of spiring capsule to treat patients with vitiligo vulgaris. 目的观察螺旋藻胶囊治疗寻常型白癜风的临床疗效。 来自互联网
10 2rgzdc     
n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的,辅助的
参考例句:
  • the poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
  • by doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。
11 ef232956e58c212111c19e6ce074c8bd     
adv.失望地
参考例句:
  • all the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。 来自互联网
  • all the tickets having be sold out, them go away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了,她们失望地离开了。 来自互联网
12 5f0420411a565bb0bdaf6a77aa4c2ff3     
允许( permit的现在分词 ); 许可
参考例句:
  • we will go out for a walk, weather permitting. 如果天气好,我们就出去散散步。
  • for her it was a special relationship, permitting intelligent exchanges. 对她来说,那是一种特殊的关系,可以用明智的方式进行角逐。
13 2v7zl     
n.出现,露面;容貌
参考例句:
  • in appearance, he was a little like his father.他看起来有点像他的父亲。
  • she was a young woman of good appearance.她是一位年轻貌美的女子。
14 kxlzt     
n.委员会,全体委员
参考例句:
  • we referred the matter back to the finance committee.我们把这事转回给财政委员会处理。
  • i am going to speak out against the committee's decision.我打算直言反对委员会的决定。
15 cg7xe     
adv.新近,最近;重新,再度;以新的方式
参考例句:
  • have you reviewed for this newly published novel?你给这本新出版的小说写书评了吗?
  • it is a newly planted tree and it has not established yet.这是一颗新栽的树,还没有扎下根来。
16 nlszu     
vt.将…奉献(给),把...专用于,致力于
参考例句:
  • i devote myself to helping the poor.我致力于帮助穷人。
  • he is determined to devote his life to sicence.他决心把毕生精力贡献给科学事业。
17 bg0wx     
vt.警告,注意,远离;vi.提醒
参考例句:
  • i must warn you that my patience is almost at an end.我必须警告你我已经没有耐心了。
  • if you warn me in advance,i will have your order ready for you.你若预先通知我,我就能给您准备好了。
18 uv7wd     
n.(用于短语)虽然,不顾,尽管
参考例句:
  • he has modern ideas in spite of his great age.尽管他年事很高,但思想观念却很入时。
  • in spite of his anger,his remarks were restrained.他尽管生气,说的话还是有节制的。
19 nyrzev     
n.游泳,洗海水澡
参考例句:
  • the place is convenient for bathing.这地方适合游泳。
  • naked bathing is not allowed to this beach.这个海滩禁止裸泳。
20 7134b999e26008d20fae90d77d073d63     
n.现代化,现代化的事物( modernization的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • let's pull together for the early realisation of the four modernizations. 为了早日实现四个现代化,让我们齐心协力地干吧。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • stability and unity are a prerequisite to the four modernizations. 安定团结是实现四个现代化的前提。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
21 tloxo     
adj.迷人的,吸引人的,使人神魂颠倒的
参考例句:
  • your ideas are fascinating to me.你的这些主意对我来说是有吸引力的。
  • the very style of the book is fascinating.这本书的风格本身就会引人入胜。
22 ogyzl     
n.松鼠,松鼠的毛皮;vt.贮藏以备用
参考例句:
  • the squirrel makes a store of nuts for the winter.松鼠贮藏坚果以备过冬。
  • a squirrel hoards nuts for the winter.松鼠为过冬贮藏坚果。
23 cwvzty     
adj.易传染的,有魅力的,迷人的,接住
参考例句:
  • there are those who think eczema is catching.有人就是认为湿疹会传染。
  • enthusiasm is very catching.热情非常富有感染力。
24 72fdb9b546475370bb7edaa026d08528     
n.反对( objection的名词复数 );异议;厌恶;反对的理由
参考例句:
  • i think we can safely dismiss their objections. 我认为我们对他们的异议完全可以不予理会。
  • the chairman overrode the committee's objections and signed the agreement. 主席不顾委员会的反对,径行签署了协议。
25 47ff9951b01a6b094431ff82dc68e266     
v.警告( warn的过去式和过去分词 );提醒;告诫;预先通知
参考例句:
  • motorists have been warned to beware of icy roads. 已经提醒开车的人当心冰封的路面。
  • i've warned her countless times. 我警告过她无数次了。
26 ieuzih     
n.作品,著作;工厂,活动部件,机件
参考例句:
  • we expect writers to produce more and better works.我们期望作家们写出更多更好的作品。
  • the novel is regarded as one of the classic works.这篇小说被公认为是最优秀的作品之一。
27 m1oxn     
adj.有学问的,博学的;learn的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • he went into a rage when he learned about it.他听到这事后勃然大怒。
  • in this little village,he passed for a learned man.在这个小村子里,他被视为有学问的人。
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