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先来看形容词 “poisonous”。我们用 “poisonous” 来形容某样事物是 “有毒的”,也就是说一个 “poisonous” 的事物一旦吸收到了体内,可能会造成伤害甚至导致死亡。“poisonous” 常用来谈论来自生物有机体或自然产生的有毒物质。听三个例句。
examples
those mushrooms are poisonous. don't eat them!
(那些蘑菇有毒。别吃!)
the room is filled with a poisonous gas that is escaping from the ground.
(这个房间充满了从地面溢出的有毒气体。)
be careful where you walk! there are poisonous snakes in the area.
(走路时要小心!这一带有毒蛇。)
形容词 “toxic” 和 “poisonous” 是近义词,也表示 “有毒的”。虽然 “toxic” 也可以用来谈论来自生物有机体的有害物质,但它普遍用来谈论人造毒素,而 “poisonous” 则几乎不这么用。听两个例句。
examples
the paint they used to decorate is toxic, so please keep children away.
(他们装修用的油漆有毒,所以请不要让孩子们靠近。)
that chemical is toxic, so handle with care, and make sure you wash your hands afterwards.
(那种化学物质有毒,所以要小心处理,确保使用后洗手。)
虽然 “noxious” 的含义和 “poisonous” 以及 “toxic” 相近,表示 “有毒的,有害的”,但它专门形容 “气体或烟雾有毒”。在下面的两个例句中,“toxic” 和 “poisonous” 同样适用。
examples
the chemicals give off noxious 4 when heated.
(这些化学物质加热时会散发出有害烟雾。)
the gas coming out of the chimney is noxious.
(从烟囱排出来的这种气体是有毒的。)
接下来,我们讲一讲 “virulent”。“virulent” 的意思是 “剧毒的,致命的”。比如,它可以形容疾病或病毒杀伤力极强,或毒素起效、传播、致死速度快。听两个例句。
examples
there's a new strain of the virus which is more virulent.
(有一种新毒株的毒性更强。)
(蜘蛛咬后会释放剧毒的毒液,可迅速杀死猎物。)
说完了四个形容词的基本含义和用法,接着,我们来分析一下其中两个词的抽象含义。
先看 “toxic”。“toxic” 可以描述某种情况或关系,比如一段友谊或感情是 “有害的,给人带来消极影响的”,表示这段关系可能会对各方造成破坏性的影响。
examples
the atmosphere in the room became toxic after the representatives of the two companies started arguing.
(两家公司的代表开始争吵后,房间里的气氛变得非常消极。)
after many happy years, ali realised that his friendship with abby had become toxic. she was always undermining him.
(在多年的快乐时光后,阿里意识到他和艾比的友谊已经变得很不愉快。她总在削弱他的自信心。)
形容词 “toxic” 和 “poisonous” 都可以描述一个人 “说的话或作出的评论恶毒,令人不快”。表示这个含义的时候,两个词的意思相同。
examples
the things he said in the meeting were toxic. i don't want to be in this group any more.
(他在会议上说的话很令人不快。我不想再在这群人里待下去了。)
jim wrote some poisonous words into his neighbour's birthday card about the state of the hedges. i'm glad i don't live next door to jim!
(吉姆在他邻居的生日贺卡上写了一些有关篱笆状况的恶言恶语。幸好我不住在吉姆的隔壁!)
总结一下,形容词 “poisonous、toxic” 和 “noxious” 都表示 “有害的,有毒的”。但 “toxic” 普遍用来谈论人造毒素;“poisonous” 更常用来谈论生物有机体或自然产生的有毒物质;而 “noxious” 则最常用来谈论气体有毒;形容词 “virulent” 指 “剧毒的”。从抽象层面上来看,“toxic” 可以形容 “状况或关系是有破坏性的,有害的”;“poisonous” 和 “toxic” 都可以用来表示一个人的 “话语令人不快”。
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