a team of french and swedish researchers have presented new fossil evidence for the origin of one of the most important and emotionally significant parts of our
1（解剖学）: the face. using micron resolution x-ray imaging, they show how a series of fossils, with a 410 million year old armoured fish called romundina at its centre, documents the step-by-step assembly of the face during the
2 transition from
3 to
4 vertebrates. the research is published in nature on 12 february 2014.
vertebrates, or backboned animals, come in two basic models: jawless and jawed. today, the only jawless vertebrates are
lampreys（七鳃类） and
hagfishes（八目鳗鱼类）, whereas jawed vertebrates number more than fifty thousand species, including ourselves. it is known that jawed vertebrates evolved from jawless ones, a dramatic
anatomical（解剖的） 5 that effectively turned the face inside out.
in
6 of jawless vertebrates, blocks of tissue grow forward on either side of the brain, meeting in the midline at the front to create a big upper lip surrounding a single midline "
7" that lies just in front of the eyes. in jawed vertebrates, this same tissue grows forward in the midline under the brain, pushing between the left and right nasal sacs which open separately to the outside. this is why our face has two
8 rather than a single big hole in the middle. the front part of the brain is also much longer in jawed vertebrates, with the result that our nose is positioned at the front of the face rather than far back between our eyes.
until now, very little has been known about the intermediate steps of this strange transformation. the scientists studied the
9 of romundina, an early armoured fish with
10, or placoderm, from arctic canada. the skull is part of a collection of the french national natural history museum in paris.
romundina has separate left and right nostrils, but they sit far back, behind an upper lip like that of a jawless vertebrate. "this skull is a mix of
11 and modern features, making it an
12 intermediate fossil between jawless and jawed vertebrates," says vincent dupret of uppsala university, one of two lead authors of the study.
by imaging the internal structure of the skull using high-energy x-rays at the european synchrotron (esrf) in grenoble, france, the authors show that the skull housed a brain with a short front end, very similar to that of a jawless vertebrate.
"in effect, romundina has the construction of a jawed vertebrate but the proportions of a jawless one," says per ahlberg, of uppsala university and the other lead author of the study. "this shows us that the organization of the major tissue blocks was the first thing to change, and that the shape of the head caught up afterwards," he adds.
by placing romundina in a sequence of other fossil fishes, some more primitive and some more advanced, the authors were able to map out all the main steps of the transition.
"without the intense x-rays produced at the esrf, we would not have been able to create a virtual representation of the internal structures of the skull" said sophie sanchez from the european synchrotron (esrf) in grenoble.
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