地外行星上的天气很恶劣-凯发k8官网

地外行星上的天气很恶劣
文章来源:未知 文章作者:enread 发布时间:2013-05-20 06:34 字体: [ ] 
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what is the long-range weather forecast for the giant planets 1 and 2? these planets are home to extreme winds blowing at speeds of over 1000 km/hour, hurricane-like storms as large around as earth, immense weather systems that last for years and fast-flowing jet streams. both planets feature similar climates, despite the fact that uranus is tipped on its side with the pole facing the sun during winter. the winds on these planets have been observed on their outer surfaces; but to get a grasp of their weather systems, we need to have an idea of what is going on 3. for instance, do the 4 patterns arise from deep down in the planet, or are they confined to shallower processes nearer the surface? new research at the weizmann institute of science, the university of arizona and tel aviv university, which was published online today in nature, shows that the wind patterns seen on the surface can extend only so far down on these two worlds.
 
understanding the atmospheric circulation is not simple for a planet without a solid surface, where earth-style boundaries between solid, liquid and gas layers do not exist. since the discovery of these strong atmospheric winds in the 1980s by the voyager ii spacecraft, the 5 extent(深度) of these winds has been a major puzzle -- one that influences our understanding of the physics governing the atmospheric 6 and internal structure of these planets. but a team led by dr. yohai kaspi of the weizmann institute's environmental sciences and energy research department realized they had a way, based on a novel method for 7 the gravitational field of the planets, to determine an upper limit for the thickness of the atmospheric layer.
 
8(差异) in the distribution of mass in planets cause measurable 9 in the gravitational field. on earth, for example, an airplane flying near a large mountain feels the slight extra gravitational pull of that mountain. like earth, the giant planets of the solar system are rapidly rotating bodies. in fact all of them rotate faster than earth; the 10 periods of uranus and neptune are about 17 and 16 hours, respectively. because of this rapid rotation, the winds 11 around regions of high and low pressure. (in a non-rotating body, flow would be from high to low pressure.) this enables researchers to deduce the relations between the distribution of pressure and 12, and the planets' wind field. these physical principles enabled kaspi and his co-authors to calculate, for the first time, the gravity signature of the wind patterns and thus create a wind-induced gravity map of these planets.
 
by 13 the gravitational fields of a large range of ideal planet models -- ones with no wind, a task conducted by team member dr. ravit helled of tel aviv university -- and comparing them with the observed gravitational fields, upper limits to the meteorological contribution to the gravitational fields were obtained. this enabled kaspi's team, which included profs. adam showman and bill hubbard of the university of arizona, and prof. oded aharonson of the weizmann institute, to show that the streams of gas observed in the atmosphere are limited to a "weather-layer" of no more than about 1000 km in depth, which makes up only a fraction of a percent of the mass of these planets.
 
although no spacecraft missions to uranus and neptune are planned for the near future, kaspi anticipates that the team's findings will be useful in the analysis of another set of atmospheric circulation patterns that will be closely observed soon: those of jupiter. kaspi, helled and hubbard are part of the science team of nasa's juno spacecraft to jupiter. juno was launched in 2011; upon reaching jupiter in 2016 it will provide very accurate measurements of the gravity field of this giant 14 planet. using the same methods as the present study, kaspi anticipates that they will be able to obtain the same type of information they acquired for uranus and neptune: namely, placing 15 on the depth of the atmospheric dynamics of this planet.
 
uranus and neptune are the farthest planets in the solar system, and there are still many open questions regarding their formation and composition. this study has implications for revealing the mysteries of their deep, dark interiors, and may even provide information about how these planets were formed. moreover, many of the extrasolar planets detected around other stars have been found to have similar masses to those of uranus and neptune, so this research will be important for understanding like-sized extrasolar(太阳系以外的) planets, as well.


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1 3pzya     
n.天王星
参考例句:
  • uranus is unusual because it is tilted.天王星非常特殊,因为它是倾斜的。
  • uranus represents sudden change and rebellion.天王星代表突然性的改变和反叛。
2 lnezw     
n.海王星
参考例句:
  • neptune is the furthest planet from the sun.海王星是离太阳最远的行星。
  • neptune turned out to be a dynamic,stormy world.海王星原来是个有生气、多风暴的世界。
3 vkrz2     
adj.在...下面,在...底下;adv.在下面
参考例句:
  • working underneath the car is always a messy job.在汽车底下工作是件脏活。
  • she wore a coat with a dress underneath.她穿着一件大衣,里面套着一条连衣裙。
4 6eayr     
adj.大气的,空气的;大气层的;大气所引起的
参考例句:
  • sea surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation are strongly coupled.海洋表面温度与大气环流是密切相关的。
  • clouds return radiant energy to the surface primarily via the atmospheric window.云主要通过大气窗区向地表辐射能量。
5 ziywu     
adj.垂直的,顶点的,纵向的;n.垂直物,垂直的位置
参考例句:
  • the northern side of the mountain is almost vertical.这座山的北坡几乎是垂直的。
  • vertical air motions are not measured by this system.垂直气流的运动不用这种系统来测量。
6 nuszqq     
n.力学,动力学,动力,原动力;动态
参考例句:
  • in order to succeed,you must master complicated knowledge of dynamics.要取得胜利,你必须掌握很复杂的动力学知识。
  • dynamics is a discipline that cannot be mastered without extensive practice.动力学是一门不做大量习题就不能掌握的学科。
7 be408cc8d92ec310bb6260bc127c162b     
v.分析;分析( analyze的现在分词 );分解;解释;对…进行心理分析n.分析
参考例句:
  • analyzing the date of some socialist countries presents even greater problem s. 分析某些社会主义国家的统计数据,暴露出的问题甚至更大。 来自辞典例句
  • he undoubtedly was not far off the mark in analyzing its predictions. 当然,他对其预测所作的分析倒也八九不离十。 来自辞典例句
8 02ee50408d4c28684c509a0539908669     
背离,偏离( deviation的名词复数 ); 离经叛道的行为
参考例句:
  • local deviations depend strongly on the local geometry of the solid matrix. 局部偏离严格地依赖于固体矩阵的局部几何形状。
  • they were a series of tactical day-to-day deviations from white house policy. 它们是一系列策略上一天天摆脱白宫政策的偏向。
9 5ffd9bfff797526ec241b97cfb872d61     
波动,涨落,起伏( fluctuation的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • he showed the price fluctuations in a statistical table. 他用统计表显示价格的波动。
  • there were so many unpredictable fluctuations on the stock exchange. 股票市场瞬息万变。
10 lxmxe     
n.旋转;循环,轮流
参考例句:
  • crop rotation helps prevent soil erosion.农作物轮作有助于防止水土流失。
  • the workers in this workshop do day and night shifts in weekly rotation.这个车间的工人上白班和上夜班每周轮换一次。
11 cgcyu     
v.(使)打漩,(使)涡卷;n.漩涡,螺旋形
参考例句:
  • the car raced roughly along in a swirl of pink dust.汽车在一股粉红色尘土的漩涡中颠簸着快速前进。
  • you could lie up there,watching the flakes swirl past.你可以躺在那儿,看着雪花飘飘。
12 rodzz     
n.密集,密度,浓度
参考例句:
  • the population density of that country is 685 per square mile.那个国家的人口密度为每平方英里685人。
  • the region has a very high population density.该地区的人口密度很高。
13 tvbzxs     
n.计算
参考例句:
  • to work in computing 从事信息处理
  • back in the dark ages of computing, in about 1980, they started a software company. 早在计算机尚未普及的时代(约1980年),他们就创办了软件公司。
14 hlvy2     
adj.气体的,气态的
参考例句:
  • air whether in the gaseous or liquid state is a fluid.空气,无论是气态的或是液态的,都是一种流体。
  • freon exists both in liquid and gaseous states.氟利昂有液态和气态两种形态。
15 d178923285d63e9968956a0a4758267e     
强制( constraint的名词复数 ); 限制; 约束
参考例句:
  • data and constraints can easily be changed to test theories. 信息库中的数据和限制条件可以轻易地改变以检验假设。 来自英汉非文学 - 科学史
  • what are the constraints that each of these imply for any design? 这每种产品的要求和约束对于设计意味着什么? 来自about face 3交互设计精髓
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