archaeologists working at the smithsonian tropical research institute in panama have discovered a cluster of 12 unusual stones in the back of a small,
1 rock-shelter near the town of boquete. the cache represents the earliest material evidence of shamanistic practice in lower central america. ruth dickau, leverhulme post-doctoral fellow at the university of exeter in england,
2 the cache of stones in the casita de piedra rock-shelter in 2007. a piece of
3（木炭） found directly
4 the cache was radiocarbon dated to 4,800 years ago. a second fragment of charcoal in a level above the cache was dated to 4,000 years ago.
"there was no evidence of a
5 or pit feature to suggest someone had come along, dug a hole and buried the stones at a later date," dickau said. "the fact that the stones were found in a tight pile suggests they were probably deposited inside a bag or basket, which subsequently
6."
based on the placement and the unusual composition of the stones in the cache, richard cooke, stri staff scientist, suggested they were used by a shaman or healer. consulting
7 stewart redwood
8 that the cache consists of a small dacite stone fashioned into a
9（圆柱形的） tool; a small
10 of white,
11（透明的） 12; a bladed quartz and
jarosite（黄甲铁矾） 13; a quartz crystal aggregate; several
pyrite（黄铁矿） nodules that showed evidence of use; a small, worn and
14（磨损） piece of
chalcedony（玉髓）; a magnetic
andesite（安山石） flake; a large chalcedony
15 stone; and a small magnetic kaolinite stone naturally
16 into an unusual shape, similar to a flower.
"a fascinating aspect of this find is that these are not ordinary stones but are rocks and crystals commonly associated with gold deposits in the central cordillera of panama and central america," redwood said. "however, there are no gold artifacts in the rock-shelter, and there's no evidence that the stones were collected in the course of gold
17 as the age of the cache pre-dates the earliest known gold artifacts from panama by more than 2,000 years. but the collector of the stones clearly had an eye for unusual stones and crystals with a special significance whose meaning is lost to us."
18 groups who lived near this site include the ngäbe, buglé, bribri, cabécar and the now-extinct dorasque peoples. shamans or healers (curanderos) belonging to these and other present-day first americans in central and south america often include special stones among the objects they use for ritual practices. stones containing crystal structures are linked to transformative experiences in many of their stories.
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