某些动物如何避免近亲交配-凯发k8官网

某些动物如何避免近亲交配
文章来源:未知 文章作者:enread 发布时间:2012-12-03 06:29 字体: [ ] 
(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
1 recognition -- being able to identify males from your father's line -- is important for the avoidance of inbreeding(近亲交配), and one way that mammals can do this is through recognizing the calls of paternal 2. this was thought to occur only in large-brained animals with complex social groups, but a new study published november 30 in the open access journal bmc ecology provides evidence in a tiny, 3 4 that challenges this theory. the study, led by sharon e kessler, finds that the grey mouse lemur (microcebus murinus) -- a small-brained, solitary 5 mammal endemic(地方性的) to madagascar -- is able to recognize paternal relatives via vocalizations, thus providing evidence that this is not dependent upon having a large brain and a high social 7, as 8 suggested.
 
because grey mouse lemurs are nocturnal solitary-foragers living in 10 forests, 6 communication is important for regulating social interactions across distances where visibility is poor and communication via smell is limited. though the mouse lemur shares sleeping sites with other mouse lemurs, it 11 alone for fruit and insects. it is a particularly interesting species with which to study vocal paternal recognition because, in the wild, females remain in the same area of birth and cooperatively raise young with other female kin. males do not co-nest with their mates or young and provide no paternal care, which limits opportunities for familiarity-based social interactions. thus, vocalizations are likely to be important -- particularly for avoiding inbreeding.
 
the research team from arizona state university and the university of veterinary medicine hannover in germany found that two of the most frequent calls of the mouse lemur were the mate advertisement call and the alarm call. using multi-parametric analyses of the call's 12 13, they could see that both call types contained individual signatures. through this, they discovered that only male grey mouse lemur advertisement calls, but not alarm calls, contained acoustic paternal signatures. furthermore, females paid more attention to advertisement calls from unrelated males than from their fathers.
 
the findings from the study suggest that the discrimination between mate advertisement calls and alarm calls may be an important 14 for inbreeding avoidance. this is likely to be highly important in the grey mouse lemur species because males are likely to remain in an area for several years and they can expand their ranges to more than twice that of the female's range, making it likely that adult males' ranges will 15 with those of their daughters from previous mating seasons.
 
the team also proposed that the mouse lemur's 16 calls above the hearing range of 17 could be an anti-predator strategy, especially since the species suffers from high predation.
 
lead author kessler commented, "given that more complex forms of sociality with 18 foraging groups are thought to have evolved from an ancestral solitary 9 much like the mouse lemur, this suggests that the 19 for kin recognition like those seen here may be the foundation from which more complex forms of kin-based sociality evolved."
 
she continued, "future analyses will determine which acoustic parameters make this kin recognition possible by artificially manipulating acoustic parameters in the calls and then using the modified calls in playback experiments."


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1 l33zv     
adj.父亲的,像父亲的,父系的,父方的
参考例句:
  • i was brought up by my paternal aunt.我是姑姑扶养大的。
  • my father wrote me a letter full of his paternal love for me.我父亲给我写了一封充满父爱的信。
2 22zxv     
n.家族,亲属,血缘关系;adj.亲属关系的,同类的
参考例句:
  • he comes of good kin.他出身好。
  • she has gone to live with her husband's kin.她住到丈夫的亲戚家里去了。
3 7fuyx     
adj.孤独的,独立的,荒凉的;n.隐士
参考例句:
  • i am rather fond of a solitary stroll in the country.我颇喜欢在乡间独自徜徉。
  • the castle rises in solitary splendour on the fringe of the desert.这座城堡巍然耸立在沙漠的边际,显得十分壮美。
4 a1yzi     
n.灵长类(目)动物,首席主教;adj.首要的
参考例句:
  • 14 percent of primate species are highly endangered.14%的灵长类物种处于高度濒危状态。
  • the woolly spider monkey is the largest primate in the americas.绒毛蛛猴是美洲最大的灵长类动物。
5 6101d89c0b474e01becb6651ecd4f87f     
v.搜寻(食物),尤指动物觅(食)( forage的现在分词 );(尤指用手)搜寻(东西)
参考例句:
  • they eke out a precarious existence foraging in rubbish dumps. 他们靠在垃圾场捡垃圾维持着朝不保夕的生活。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • the campers went foraging for wood to make a fire. 露营者去搜寻柴木点火。 来自辞典例句
6 vhowa     
adj.直言不讳的;嗓音的;n.[pl.]声乐节目
参考例句:
  • the tongue is a vocal organ.舌头是一个发音器官。
  • public opinion at last became vocal.终于舆论哗然。
7 ko9z3     
n.复杂(性),复杂的事物
参考例句:
  • only now did he understand the full complexity of the problem.直到现在他才明白这一问题的全部复杂性。
  • the complexity of the road map puzzled me.错综复杂的公路图把我搞糊涂了。
8 bkzzzc     
adv.以前,先前(地)
参考例句:
  • the bicycle tyre blew out at a previously damaged point.自行车胎在以前损坏过的地方又爆开了。
  • let me digress for a moment and explain what had happened previously.让我岔开一会儿,解释原先发生了什么。
9 d0f44be3af8191499beea8a84cdbe41f     
n.强征(粮食)者;抢劫者
参考例句:
  • "a forager won't come back until it finds something, " gordon says . “一只觅食蚁在发现食物之前是不会返回蚁巢的”,戈尔顿博士讲道。 来自辞典例句
  • in japan a fungus forager can earn a good living. 在日本,采蘑菇可以过上富足的生活。 来自互联网
10 aonzx     
a.密集的,稠密的,浓密的;密度大的
参考例句:
  • the general ambushed his troops in the dense woods. 将军把部队埋伏在浓密的树林里。
  • the path was completely covered by the dense foliage. 小路被树叶厚厚地盖了一层。
11 0a9b7f493390e90aaef633df78a40f18     
n.牛马饲料( forage的名词复数 );寻找粮草
参考例句:
  • a long-term trial had been carried out on tropical forages. 选用热带主要牧草草种进行长期定位试验。 来自互联网
  • a young fur seal forages amid bull kelp near gansbaai, south africa. 一只年轻的海豹在南非干斯拜附近的巨藻丛中觅食。 来自互联网
12 kj7y8     
adj.听觉的,声音的;(乐器)原声的
参考例句:
  • the hall has a fine acoustic.这个大厅的传音效果很好。
  • animals use a whole rang of acoustic, visual,and chemical signals in their systems of communication.动物利用各种各样的听觉、视觉和化学信号来进行交流。
13 166e64f6c3677d0c513901242a3e702d     
因素,特征; 界限; (限定性的)因素( parameter的名词复数 ); 参量; 参项; 决定因素
参考例句:
  • we have to work within the parameters of time. 我们的工作受时间所限。
  • see parameters.cpp for a compilable example. this is part of the spirit distribution. 可编译例子见parameters.cpp.这是spirit分发包的组成部分。
14 zcwxr     
n.机械装置;机构,结构
参考例句:
  • the bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人体的组成部件。
  • the mechanism of the machine is very complicated.这台机器的结构是非常复杂的。
15 tkixw     
v.重叠,与…交叠;n.重叠
参考例句:
  • the overlap between the jacket and the trousers is not good.夹克和裤子重叠的部分不好看。
  • tiles overlap each other.屋瓦相互叠盖。
16 vlhwf     
adj.超声的;n.超声波
参考例句:
  • it was very necessary for people to take type-b ultrasonic inspection regularly.定期进行b超检查是十分必要的。
  • sounds are classified into two kinds: sonic and ultrasonic.声波分为两类,即普通声波与超声波。
17 7b4601ac7f6fe54f86669548acc46286     
n.猫头鹰( owl的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • 'clumsy fellows,'said i; 'they must still be drunk as owls.' “这些笨蛋,”我说,“他们大概还醉得像死猪一样。” 来自英汉文学 - 金银岛
  • the great majority of barn owls are reared in captivity. 大多数仓鸮都是笼养的。 来自辞典例句
18 dwdy2     
adj.有粘着力的;有结合力的;凝聚性的
参考例句:
  • she sealed the parcel with cohesive tape.她用粘胶带把包裹封起来。
  • the author skillfully fuses these fragments into a cohesive whole.作者将这些片断巧妙地结合成一个连贯的整体。
19 d0db71d70348ef1c49f05f59097917b8     
n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 );机械装置;[生物学] 机制;机械作用
参考例句:
  • the research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • he explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
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