人类与猩猩有相同的文化演化根源-凯发k8官网

人类与猩猩有相同的文化演化根源
文章来源:未知 文章作者:enread 发布时间:2011-10-21 05:12 字体: [ ] 
(单词翻译:双击或拖选)

culture is not a trait that is unique to humans. by studying orangutan(猩猩) populations, a team of researchers headed by 1(人类学家) michael krützen from the university of zurich has demonstrated that great apes also have the ability to learn socially and pass them down through a great many generations. the researchers provide the first evidence that culture in humans and great apes has the same 2 roots, thus answering the 3(有争议的) question as to whether variation in behavioral patterns in orangutans are culturally driven, or caused by 4 factors and environmental influences. in humans, behavioral innovations are usually passed down culturally from one generation to the next through social learning. for many, the existence of culture in humans is the key adaptation that sets us apart from animals. whether culture is unique to humans or has deeper evolutionary roots, however, 5 one of the unsolved questions in science. about ten years ago, biologists who had been observing great apes in the wild reported a 6 variation of behavior patterns that could only have come about through the cultural transmission of innovations, much like in humans. the observation triggered an intense debate among scientists that is still 7. to this day, it is still disputed whether the 8 variation in behavior is culturally driven or the result of genetic factors and environmental influences.

humans are not the only ones to exhibit culture

anthropologists from the university of zurich have now studied whether the geographic variation of behavioral patterns in nine orangutan populations in sumatra and borneo can be explained by cultural transmission. "this is the case; the cultural 9 of the behavioral diversity also holds for orangutans -- and in exactly the same way as we would expect for human culture," explains michael krützen, the first author of the study just published in current biology. the researchers show that genetic factors or environmental influences cannot explain the behavior patterns in orangutan populations. the ability to learn things socially and pass them on evolved over many generations; not just in humans but also apes. "it looks as if the ability to act culturally is 10 by the long life 11 of apes and the necessity to be able to adapt to changing environmental conditions," krützen adds, concluding that, "now we know that the roots of human culture go much deeper than 12 thought. human culture is built on a solid foundation that is many millions of years old and is shared with the other great apes."

largest dataset for any great ape species

in their study, the researchers used the largest dataset ever compiled for a great ape species. they 13 over 100,000 hours of behavioral data, created genetic profiles for over 150 wild orangutans and measured 14 differences between the populations using satellite imagery and advanced remote sensing techniques. "the novelty of our study," says co-author carel van schaik, "is that, thanks to the 15 size of our dataset, we were the first to 16(测量,估计) the influence genetics and environmental factors have on the different behavioral patterns among the orangutan populations."

when the authors examined the 17 responsible for differences in social structure and behavioral ecology between orangutan populations, environmental influences and, to a 18 degree, genetic factors played an important role, proving that the parameters measured were the right ones. this, in turn, was pivotal(关键的) in the main question as to whether genetic factors or environmental influences can explain the behavioral patterns in orangutan populations. "that wasn't the case. as a result, we could prove that a cultural interpretation for behavioral diversity also holds true for orangutans," van schaik concludes.



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 yzgzpk     
n.人类学家,人类学者
参考例句:
  • the lecturer is an anthropologist.这位讲师是人类学家。
  • the anthropologist unearthed the skull of an ancient human at the site.人类学家在这个遗址挖掘出那块古人类的颅骨。
2 ctqz7m     
adj.进化的;演化的,演变的;[生]进化论的
参考例句:
  • life has its own evolutionary process.生命有其自身的进化过程。
  • these are fascinating questions to be resolved by the evolutionary studies of plants.这些十分吸引人的问题将在研究植物进化过程中得以解决。
3 fa9yk     
adj.好辩的,善争吵的
参考例句:
  • she was really not of the contentious fighting sort.她委实不是好吵好闹的人。
  • since then they have tended to steer clear of contentious issues.从那时起,他们总想方设法避开有争议的问题。
4 pgixp     
adj.遗传的,遗传学的
参考例句:
  • it's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
  • each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。
5 1kmzty     
n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹
参考例句:
  • he ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
  • the remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。
6 tgsxb     
adj.地理学的,地理的
参考例句:
  • the city's success owes much to its geographic position. 这座城市的成功很大程度上归功于它的地理位置。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • environmental problems pay no heed to these geographic lines. 环境问题并不理会这些地理界限。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
7 6rvzt     
adj.进行中的,前进的
参考例句:
  • the problem is ongoing.这个问题尚未解决。
  • the issues raised in the report relate directly to age concern's ongoing work in this area.报告中提出的问题与“关心老人”组织在这方面正在做的工作有直接的关系。
8 cgjxb     
adj.地理的;地区(性)的
参考例句:
  • the current survey will have a wider geographical spread.当前的调查将在更广泛的地域范围內进行。
  • these birds have a wide geographical distribution.这些鸟的地理分布很广。
9 p5jxq     
n.解释,说明,描述;艺术处理
参考例句:
  • his statement admits of one interpretation only.他的话只有一种解释。
  • analysis and interpretation is a very personal thing.分析与说明是个很主观的事情。
10 aa4dc65f69c81352fa034c36d66908ec     
v.大声讲或读( dictate的过去式和过去分词 );口授;支配;摆布
参考例句:
  • he dictated a letter to his secretary. 他向秘书口授信稿。
  • no person of a strong character likes to be dictated to. 没有一个个性强的人愿受人使唤。 来自《简明英汉词典》
11 tlmys     
n.期望,预期,(根据概率统计求得)预期数额
参考例句:
  • japanese people have a very high life expectancy.日本人的平均寿命非常长。
  • the atomosphere of tense expectancy sobered everyone.这种期望的紧张气氛使每个人变得严肃起来。
12 bkzzzc     
adv.以前,先前(地)
参考例句:
  • the bicycle tyre blew out at a previously damaged point.自行车胎在以前损坏过的地方又爆开了。
  • let me digress for a moment and explain what had happened previously.让我岔开一会儿,解释原先发生了什么。
13 483f1acae53789fbee273a644fdcda80     
v.分析( analyze的过去式和过去分词 );分解;解释;对…进行心理分析
参考例句:
  • the doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia. 医生们分析了贫血的血样。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • the young man did not analyze the process of his captivation and enrapturement, for love to him was a mystery and could not be analyzed. 这年轻人没有分析自己蛊惑著迷的过程,因为对他来说,爱是个不可分析的迷。 来自《简明英汉词典》
14 irrxx     
adj.生态的,生态学的
参考例句:
  • the region has been declared an ecological disaster zone.这个地区已经宣布为生态灾难区。
  • each animal has its ecological niche.每种动物都有自己的生态位.
15 7gsyj     
adj.无前例的,新奇的
参考例句:
  • the air crash caused an unprecedented number of deaths.这次空难的死亡人数是空前的。
  • a flood of this sort is really unprecedented.这样大的洪水真是十年九不遇。
16 2gmxz     
v.精确计量;估计;n.标准度量;计量器
参考例句:
  • can you gauge what her reaction is likely to be?你能揣测她的反应可能是什么吗?
  • it's difficult to gauge one's character.要判断一个人的品格是很困难的。
17 166e64f6c3677d0c513901242a3e702d     
因素,特征; 界限; (限定性的)因素( parameter的名词复数 ); 参量; 参项; 决定因素
参考例句:
  • we have to work within the parameters of time. 我们的工作受时间所限。
  • see parameters.cpp for a compilable example. this is part of the spirit distribution. 可编译例子见parameters.cpp.这是spirit分发包的组成部分。
18 upxzjl     
adj.次要的,较小的;adv.较小地,较少地
参考例句:
  • kept some of the lesser players out.不让那些次要的球员参加联赛。
  • she has also been affected,but to a lesser degree.她也受到波及,但程度较轻。
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