a novel way of increasing the amounts of 2 produced by bacteria has been discovered that could markedly improve the yields of these important compounds in commercial production. it could also be valuable in 3 to discover new compounds. with the ever-growing threat from 1 resistance, these tools will be very useful in ensuring that we have enough of these useful compounds in the future. the majority of antibiotics we know of today are produced naturally by a group of soil bacteria called streptomyces. for commercial production of these antibiotics for clinical use, it is necessary to increase the yield. this has typically been achieved by 4 inducing mutations and screening for strains that show increased production, a process that takes many years. when technology had progressed 5 to analyse how this had been achieved scientists found that, in some cases, the increase in yield was due to repeated copies of the 7 needed for antibiotic production.
in almost all cases, the genes needed to produce these antibiotics are clustered together in the 8 genome. in work carried out 9 at the john innes centre, which is strategically funded by the biotechnology and biological sciences research council, professor mervyn bibb and 10 dr koji yanai from a japanse laboratory discovered 36 repeating copies of one 6 cluster in a strain of streptomyces that had been repeatedly selected to over-produce the antibiotic kanamycin（卡那霉素） .
"this suggested to us that controlled and stable 11 of antibiotic gene clusters might be possible, and that if it was, it would be a valuable tool for engineering high yielding commercial strains of bacteria," said prof bibb. the researchers then went on to identify the 12 within streptomyces responsible for creating the 36 repeating clusters that led to kanamycin overproduction. these consist of two 13 sequences that flank the gene cluster, and a protein, known as zoua, that recognises the two sequences and 14 them.
in research to be published in the 15 of the national academy of sciences, prof bibb and colleagues dr takeshi murakami and prof charles thompson, working at the university of british columbia, together with the same japanese 16 laboratory, describe a system for the targeted amplification of gene clusters. the researchers were able to engineer these components into 17 'cassettes' and then insert these into another strain of streptomyces. they successfully used the system to make streptomyces coelicolor（链霉菌） overproduce actinorhodin, a blue-pigmented antibiotic. they believe the system will work equally as well for many other streptomyces strains and antibiotics, and have also shown that it functions in an unrelated 18, escherichia coli.
the system may also uncover new, undiscovered antibiotics. a number of streptomyces species have had their entire genomes sequenced, and many more are expected. researchers have been able to identify other gene clusters within these sequences with unknown products. it is likely that many of these '19' gene clusters produce potentially new antibiotics, but at an undetectable level, or only under specific environmental conditions. using the gene cluster amplification system identified here, it will be possible to 20 these cryptic（神秘的） gene clusters, identify their products, and potentially discover new antibiotics for the battle against 21 superbugs.
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