数学能力是与生俱来的-凯发k8官网

数学能力是与生俱来的
文章来源:未知 文章作者:enread 发布时间:2011-08-09 05:01 字体: [ ] 
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we accept that some people are born with a talent for music or art or 1. but what about mathematics? do some of us just arrive in the world with better math skills than others? it seems we do, at least according to the results of a study by a team of johns hopkins university psychologists. led by melissa libertus, a post-doctoral fellow in the department of psychological and brain sciences at the krieger school of arts and sciences, the study -- published online in a recent issue of developmental science -- indicates that math ability in preschool children is strongly linked to their 2 and 3 "number sense," called an "approximate number system" or ans.

research reveals that "number sense" is basic to all animals, not just human beings. for instance, creatures that hunt or gather food use it to 4(确定,查明) where they can find and 5 the most nuts, plants or game and to keep track of the food they hunt or gather. we humans use it daily to allow us, at a glance, to estimate the number of open seats in a movie theater or the number of people in a crowded meeting. and it is measurable, even in newborn infants.

though the link between ans and formal mathematics ability already has been established in adolescents, libertus says her team's is the first study to examine the role of "number sense" in children too young to already have had substantial formal mathematics instruction.

"the relationship between 'number sense' and math ability is important and 6(有趣的) because we believe that 'number sense' is universal, whereas math ability has been thought to be highly dependent on culture and language and takes many years to learn," she explained. "thus, a link between the two is surprising and raises many important questions and issues, including one of the most important ones, which is whether we can train a child's number sense with an eye to improving his future math ability."

the team tested 200 4-year-old (on average) children on several tasks measuring number sense, mathematical ability and verbal ability. the children were rewarded for their 7 with small trinkets, such as stickers and pencils.

during the number sense task, researchers asked the children to view flashing groups of blue and yellow dots on a computer screen and to estimate which color group of dots was more numerous. counting wasn't an option, both because the dots were flashed so quickly and because most of the children were not yet skilled counters. the preschoolers would then verbally tell the tester whether the yellow or blue dots were more numerous, and the tester would press the appropriate button. some comparisons were easy (like comparing five yellow 8 10 blue dots). others were much harder (like comparing five yellow versus six blue dots). children were informed of right or wrong answers via a high- or low-pitched beep. (you can take a test similar to the one administered to the children online here: http://www.panamath.org/testyourself.php )

the children also were given a 9 test of early mathematics ability that measures numbering skills (verbally counting items on a page), number-comparison (determining which of two spoken number words is greater or lesser), numeral literacy (reading arabic numbers), mastery of number facts (such as addition or multiplication), calculation skills (solving written addition and 10 problems) and number concepts (such as answering how many sets of 10 are in 100.) this standardized test is often given to children between the ages of 3 and 8 years.

lastly, the parents and 11 of the children were given an 12 that asked them to indicate each word on a list that their children had been heard to say. according to libertus, this verbal test was administered because language and math abilities are to some extent linked through general intelligence, and the researchers wanted to make sure that the differences in math ability that they found were not just due to some children performing better on all kinds of tasks, or to some children feeling more comfortable being tested than others.

libertus and her colleagues lisa feigenson and justin halberda, 13 members(全体教职员) in the department of psychological and brain sciences, found that the precision of children's estimations correlated with their math skill. that is, the children who could make the finest-grained estimations in the dot comparison task (for example, judging that eight yellow dots were more than seven blue dots) also knew the most about arabic numerals and arithmetic(算术) .



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1 ro8y7     
n.运动,体育,田径运动
参考例句:
  • when i was at school i was always hopeless at athletics.我上学的时候体育十分糟糕。
  • our team tied with theirs in athletics.在田径比赛中,我们队与他们队旗鼓相当。
2 r4wyc     
adj.天生的,生来的,先天的
参考例句:
  • he is a man with an inborn love of joke.他是一个生来就喜欢开玩笑的人。
  • he had an inborn talent for languages.他有语言天分。
3 vswz0     
adj.原始的;简单的;n.原(始)人,原始事物
参考例句:
  • it is a primitive instinct to flee a place of danger.逃离危险的地方是一种原始本能。
  • his book describes the march of the civilization of a primitive society.他的著作描述了一个原始社会的开化过程。
4 wnvyn     
vt.发现,确定,查明,弄清
参考例句:
  • it's difficult to ascertain the coal deposits.煤储量很难探明。
  • we must ascertain the responsibility in light of different situtations.我们必须根据不同情况判定责任。
5 a1gzn     
vt.获得,取得,促成;vi.拉皮条
参考例句:
  • can you procure some specimens for me?你能替我弄到一些标本吗?
  • i'll try my best to procure you that original french novel.我将尽全力给你搞到那本原版法国小说。
6 vqyzm1     
adj.有趣的;迷人的v.搞阴谋诡计(intrigue的现在分词);激起…的好奇心
参考例句:
  • these discoveries raise intriguing questions. 这些发现带来了非常有趣的问题。
  • it all sounds very intriguing. 这些听起来都很有趣。 来自《简明英汉词典》
7 ks9zu     
n.参与,参加,分享
参考例句:
  • some of the magic tricks called for audience participation.有些魔术要求有观众的参与。
  • the scheme aims to encourage increased participation in sporting activities.这个方案旨在鼓励大众更多地参与体育活动。
8 wi7wu     
prep.以…为对手,对;与…相比之下
参考例句:
  • the big match tonight is england versus spain.今晚的大赛是英格兰对西班牙。
  • the most exciting game was harvard versus yale.最富紧张刺激的球赛是哈佛队对耶鲁队。
9 8hhzgs     
adj.标准化的
参考例句:
  • we use standardized tests to measure scholastic achievement. 我们用标准化考试来衡量学生的学业成绩。
  • the parts of an automobile are standardized. 汽车零件是标准化了的。
10 rsjwl     
n.减法,减去
参考例句:
  • we do addition and subtraction in arithmetic.在算术里,我们作加减运算。
  • they made a subtraction of 50 dollars from my salary.他们从我的薪水里扣除了五十美元。
11 648b3519bd4469e1a48dff4dc4827315     
监护人( guardian的名词复数 ); 保护者,维护者
参考例句:
  • farmers should be guardians of the countryside. 农民应是乡村的保卫者。
  • the police are guardians of law and order. 警察是法律和秩序的护卫者。
12 vo7yu     
n.评价;评估;对财产的估价,被估定的金额
参考例句:
  • this is a very perceptive assessment of the situation.这是一个对该情况的极富洞察力的评价。
  • what is your assessment of the situation?你对时局的看法如何?
13 hhkzk     
n.才能;学院,系;(学院或系的)全体教学人员
参考例句:
  • he has a great faculty for learning foreign languages.他有学习外语的天赋。
  • he has the faculty of saying the right thing at the right time.他有在恰当的时候说恰当的话的才智。
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