人类独特的社会关系源自猎人“共同猎采”机制-凯发k8官网

人类独特的社会关系源自猎人“共同猎采”机制
文章来源:未知 文章作者:enread 发布时间:2011-03-11 03:26 字体: [ ] 
(单词翻译:双击或拖选)

one of the most complex human mysteries involves how and why we became an outlier(异常值) species in terms of biological success. research findings published in the march 11 edition of the journal science by an international team of 1 anthropologists, including several from arizona state university, who study hunter-gatherer societies, are informing the issue by suggesting that human ancestral social structure may be the root of 2 culture and cooperation and, ultimately, human uniqueness.

because humans lived as hunter-gatherers for 95 percent of their species' history, current 3 societies provide the best window for viewing human social evolution, according to the authors. given that, the researchers focused on co-residence patterns among more than 5,000 individuals from 32 present-day foraging societies around the globe, including the gunwinggu, labrador inuit, mbuti, apache, aka, ache, agta and vedda. their findings identify human hunter-gatherer group structure as unique among 5.

professor kim hill of asu's school of human evolution and social change in the college of liberal arts and sciences, is the lead author, along with robert walker of the university of missouri. the collaborative effort involved asu professors james eder and ana magdalena hurtado; asu 6 graduate student miran božičević; and anthropologists from sil international, dallas; southern methodist university, dallas; hawassa university, ethiopia; washington state university; durham university, uk; university of utah; and stanford university.

their finding showed that across all groups, adult brothers and sisters frequently live together, making it common for male in-laws to co-reside. they also found that it was equally common for males or females to move from or remain with family units. this is in contrast to other 4 species, where either males or females move to another group at puberty(青春期) .

a major point in the study is that foraging(觅食) bands contain several individuals completely unconnected by kinship or marriage ties, yet include males with a vested interest in the offspring of daughters, sisters and wives. this organization 7 the group 8 frequently seen in other apes and also promotes interaction among 9 groups, 10 leading to the development of a large social network.

"the increase in human network size over other primates may explain why humans evolved an emphasis on social learning that results in cultural transmission," said hill. "likewise, the unique composition of human ancestral(祖先的) groups promotes cooperation among large groups of non-kin, something extremely rare in nature."

the group's findings appear in the paper "co-residence patterns in hunter-gatherer societies show unique human social structure." it is the first published analyses of adult co-residence patterns in hunter-gatherer societies based on 11 data rather than post-marital residence typologies(类型学) , hill noted.



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1 5n4zxc     
adj.著名的,知名的
参考例句:
  • the local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
  • jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。
2 lyyxo     
adj.累积的,渐增的
参考例句:
  • this drug has a cumulative effect.这种药有渐增的效力。
  • the benefits from eating fish are cumulative.吃鱼的好处要长期才能显现。
3 6101d89c0b474e01becb6651ecd4f87f     
v.搜寻(食物),尤指动物觅(食)( forage的现在分词 );(尤指用手)搜寻(东西)
参考例句:
  • they eke out a precarious existence foraging in rubbish dumps. 他们靠在垃圾场捡垃圾维持着朝不保夕的生活。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • the campers went foraging for wood to make a fire. 露营者去搜寻柴木点火。 来自辞典例句
4 a1yzi     
n.灵长类(目)动物,首席主教;adj.首要的
参考例句:
  • 14 percent of primate species are highly endangered.14%的灵长类物种处于高度濒危状态。
  • the woolly spider monkey is the largest primate in the americas.绒毛蛛猴是美洲最大的灵长类动物。
5 9536f12c27d026e37c108bd6fc53dbba     
primate的复数
参考例句:
  • primates are alert, inquisitive animals. 灵长目动物是机灵、好奇的动物。
  • consciousness or cerebration has been said to have emerged in the evolution of higher primates. 据说意识或思考在较高级灵长类的进化中已出现。
6 zw2zq     
n.人类学
参考例句:
  • i believe he has started reading up anthropology.我相信他已开始深入研究人类学。
  • social anthropology is centrally concerned with the diversity of culture.社会人类学主要关于文化多样性。
7 0477da3287368a0778f6a1bb455146a8     
v.减轻,缓和( mitigate的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • data control is the containment of activity. it is what mitigates risk. 数据控制就是限制攻击者活动的机制,它可以降低安全风险。 来自互联网
  • laziness also mitigates the threat from piracy. 懒散也减轻了来自盗版的威胁。 来自互联网
8 hdyzq     
n.敌对,敌意;抵制[pl.]交战,战争
参考例句:
  • there is open hostility between the two leaders.两位领导人表现出公开的敌意。
  • his hostility to your plan is well known.他对你的计划所持的敌意是众所周知的。
9 kkrzy3     
adj.提供住宿的;居住的;住宅的
参考例句:
  • the mayor inspected the residential section of the city.市长视察了该市的住宅区。
  • the residential blocks were integrated with the rest of the college.住宿区与学院其他部分结合在了一起。
10 sokwv     
adv.因此,从而
参考例句:
  • i have never been to that city,,ereby i don't know much about it.我从未去过那座城市,因此对它不怎么熟悉。
  • he became a british citizen,thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了英国公民,因而得到了投票权。
11 arnz5     
n.(官方的)人口调查,人口普查
参考例句:
  • a census of population is taken every ten years.人口普查每10年进行一次。
  • the census is taken one time every four years in our country.我国每四年一次人口普查。
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