a timely study in the journal human factors suggests why texting while driving is 1 than talking on a cell phone or with another passenger. human factors/ergonomics人类工程学 researchers at the university of utah found that texters in a driving simulator模拟器 had more crashes, responded more slowly to brake lights on cars in front of them, and showed impairment损害，损伤 in forward and 2 control than did drivers who talked on a cell phone while driving or drove without texting. researchers frank drews and colleagues found evidence that attention patterns differ for drivers who text 3 those who 4 on a cell phone. in the latter case, the researchers say, "drivers 5 attempt to divide attention between a phone conversation and driving, adjusting the processing priority of the two activities depending on task demands." but texting requires drivers to switch their attention from one task to the other. when such attention-switching occurs as drivers compose, read, or receive a text, their overall reaction times are substantially slower than when they're engaged in a phone conversation. the type of texting activity also appears to make a difference; in this study, reading messages 6 braking times more than did composing them.
the hazards危险，障碍 of texting while driving continue to receive broad national and international attention as accident rates attributed to归因于 this practice increase. as a result, a growing number of u.s. cities and states, as well as canadian provinces, ban texting while operating a vehicle. drews et al. 7 that according to ctia (www.ctia.org), more than 1 trillion text messages were sent in 2008 in the united states alone. to find why and how much drivers are 8 during texting, the researchers engaged 20 men and 20 women between the ages of 19 and 23 in both a single task (straight driving) and a 9 task (driving and texting) in a high-fidelity simulator. the participants, experienced texters with an average of 4.75 years of driving experience, received and sent messages while the researchers observed their brake 10 time初动时间, following distance, lane maintenance维护，维修, and collisions.
the crash risk attributable to texting is substantial. one possible explanation is that drivers who text tend to decrease their minimum following distance and also experience delayed reaction time. for example, in the drews et al. study, drivers' median reaction time increased by 30% when they were texting and 9% when they talked on the phone, compared with their performance in a driving-only condition.
notwithstanding尽管，虽然 the safety risk of texting while driving, previous research by drews and colleagues at the university of utah - not to mention crash data and widespread legislation - makes clear that using a phone while driving is dangerous.
收听单词发音 
