穴居人基因使现代人免疫力提高却易过敏-凯发k8官网

穴居人基因使现代人免疫力提高却易过敏
文章来源:未知 文章作者:enread 发布时间:2016-01-08 04:47 字体: [ ] 
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when modern humans met neanderthals in europe and the two species began interbreeding many thousands of years ago, the exchange left humans with 1 variations that have increased the ability of those who carry them to 2 off infection. this inheritance from neanderthals may have also left some people more 3 to 4. the discoveries reported in two independent studies in the american journal of human genetics on january 7 add to evidence for an important role for interspecies relations in human evolution and specifically in the evolution of the 6 immune system, which serves as the body's first line of 7 against infection. 
 
"we found that interbreeding with 8 humans--the neanderthals and denisovans--has influenced the 5 diversity in present-day genomes at three innate 9 10 belonging to the human toll-like-receptor family," says janet kelso of the max planck institute for 11 12 in leipzig, germany.
 
"these, and other, innate immunity genes present higher levels of neanderthal 13 than the remainder of the coding genome," adds lluis quintana-murci of the institut pasteur and the cnrs in paris. "this highlights how important introgression events [the movement of genes across species] may have been in the evolution of the innate immunity system in humans."
 
earlier studies have shown that one to six percent of modern eurasian genomes were inherited from ancient hominins, such as neanderthal or denisovans. both new studies highlight the 14 importance of this inheritance on toll-like receptor (tlr) genes--tlr1, tlr6, and tlr10. these tlr genes are expressed on the cell surface, where they detect and respond to 15 of bacteria, 16, and 17. these immune receptors are essential for 18 inflammatory and anti-microbial responses and for 19 an adaptive immune response.
 
quintana-murci and his colleagues set out to explore the evolution of the innate immune system over time. they relied on vast amounts of data available on present-day people from the 1000 genomes project together with the genome sequences of ancient hominins. quintana-murci's team focused on a list of 1,500 genes known to play a role in the innate immune system. they then examined patterns of genetic variation and evolutionary change in those regions relative to the rest of the genome at an 20 level of detail. finally, they estimated the 21 of the changes in innate immunity and the extent to which variation in those genes had been passed down from neanderthals.
 
these 22 revealed little change over long periods of time for some innate-immunity genes, providing evidence of strong 23. other genes have undergone selective sweeps in which a new 24 came along and quickly rose to 25, perhaps because of a shift in the environment or as a result of a disease 26. most adaptations in protein-coding genes occurred in the last 6,000 to 13,000 years, as human populations shifted from hunting and 27 to farming, they report.


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1 wgkxx     
n.遗传因子,基因
参考例句:
  • a single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。
  • the targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。
2 lhbwy     
n.守卫,监护,病房,行政区,由监护人或法院保护的人(尤指儿童);vt.守护,躲开
参考例句:
  • the hospital has a medical ward and a surgical ward.这家医院有内科病房和外科病房。
  • during the evening picnic,i'll carry a torch to ward off the bugs.傍晚野餐时,我要点根火把,抵挡蚊虫。
3 50bzu     
adj.(to)易于…的,很可能…的;俯卧的
参考例句:
  • some people are prone to jump to hasty conclusions.有些人往往作出轻率的结论。
  • he is prone to lose his temper when people disagree with him.人家一不同意他的意见,他就发脾气。
4 2c527dd68e63f119442f4352f2a0b950     
n.[医]过敏症;[口]厌恶,反感;(对食物、花粉、虫咬等的)过敏症( allergy的名词复数 );变态反应,变应性
参考例句:
  • food allergies can result in an enormous variety of different symptoms. 食物过敏会引发很多不同的症状。 来自辞典例句
  • let us, however, examine one of the most common allergies; hayfever. 现在让我们来看看最常见的变态反应的一种--枯草热。 来自辞典例句
5 pgixp     
adj.遗传的,遗传学的
参考例句:
  • it's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
  • each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。
6 xbxzc     
adj.天生的,固有的,天赋的
参考例句:
  • you obviously have an innate talent for music.你显然有天生的音乐才能。
  • correct ideas are not innate in the mind.人的正确思想不是自己头脑中固有的。
7 axbxb     
n.防御,保卫;[pl.]防务工事;辩护,答辩
参考例句:
  • the accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
  • the war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。
8 4nyyd     
adj.(语言、词汇等)古代的,已不通用的
参考例句:
  • the company does some things in archaic ways,such as not using computers for bookkeeping.这个公司有些做法陈旧,如记账不使用电脑。
  • shaanxi is one of the chinese archaic civilized origins which has a long history.陕西省是中国古代文明发祥之一,有悠久的历史。
9 dygyq     
n.优惠;免除;豁免,豁免权
参考例句:
  • the law gives public schools immunity from taxation.法律免除公立学校的纳税义务。
  • he claims diplomatic immunity to avoid being arrested.他要求外交豁免以便避免被捕。
10 01914f8eac35d7e14afa065217edd8c0     
n.基因( gene的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • you have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因,所以能够活得很长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术的世纪
11 ctqz7m     
adj.进化的;演化的,演变的;[生]进化论的
参考例句:
  • life has its own evolutionary process.生命有其自身的进化过程。
  • these are fascinating questions to be resolved by the evolutionary studies of plants.这些十分吸引人的问题将在研究植物进化过程中得以解决。
12 zw2zq     
n.人类学
参考例句:
  • i believe he has started reading up anthropology.我相信他已开始深入研究人类学。
  • social anthropology is centrally concerned with the diversity of culture.社会人类学主要关于文化多样性。
13 bnvzf     
n.祖先,家世
参考例句:
  • their ancestry settled the land in 1856.他们的祖辈1856年在这块土地上定居下来。
  • he is an american of french ancestry.他是法国血统的美国人。
14 5hmxa     
adj.为实用而设计的,具备功能的,起作用的
参考例句:
  • the telephone was out of order,but is functional now.电话刚才坏了,但现在可以用了。
  • the furniture is not fancy,just functional.这些家具不是摆着好看的,只是为了实用。
15 4725dcf446a342f1473a8228e42dfa48     
(机器、设备等的)构成要素,零件,成分; 成分( component的名词复数 ); [物理化学]组分; [数学]分量; (混合物的)组成部分
参考例句:
  • the components of a machine 机器部件
  • our chemistry teacher often reduces a compound to its components in lab. 在实验室中化学老师常把化合物分解为各种成分。
16 6hrx6     
n.真菌,霉菌
参考例句:
  • students practice to apply the study of genetics to multicellular plants and fungi.学生们练习把基因学应用到多细胞植物和真菌中。
  • the lawn was covered with fungi.草地上到处都是蘑菇。
17 a8076647ef34cfbbf9d3cb418df78a08     
寄生物( parasite的名词复数 ); 靠他人为生的人; 诸虫
参考例句:
  • these symptoms may be referable to virus infection rather than parasites. 这些症状也许是由病毒感染引起的,而与寄生虫无关。
  • kangaroos harbor a vast range of parasites. 袋鼠身上有各种各样的寄生虫。
18 f08f75f51c1af2ad2f06093ec0cc0789     
n. 诱发, 引出 动词elicit的现在分词形式
参考例句:
  • he succeeded in eliciting the information he needed from her. 他从她那里问出了他所需要的信息。
  • a criminal trial isn't a tribunal for eliciting the truth. 刑事审讯并非是一种要探明真相的审判。
19 948eea612456562bf255d3a9c59c40a3     
活动的,活性的
参考例句:
  • "i didn't say we'd got to stop activating the masses! “我并没说就此不发动! 来自子夜部分
  • presumably both the very small size and activating influence of fluorine atoms contribute to this exception. 这大概是由于氟原子半径小和活性高这两个原因的影响,氟原子对这种例外做出了贡献。
20 7gsyj     
adj.无前例的,新奇的
参考例句:
  • the air crash caused an unprecedented number of deaths.这次空难的死亡人数是空前的。
  • a flood of this sort is really unprecedented.这样大的洪水真是十年九不遇。
21 rguzgc     
n.时间安排,时间选择
参考例句:
  • the timing of the meeting is not convenient.会议的时间安排不合适。
  • the timing of our statement is very opportune.我们发表声明选择的时机很恰当。
22 02de25420938593f7db7bd4052010b32     
(正式的)调查( investigation的名词复数 ); 侦查; 科学研究; 学术研究
参考例句:
  • his investigations were intensive and thorough but revealed nothing. 他进行了深入彻底的调查,但没有发现什么。
  • he often sent them out to make investigations. 他常常派他们出去作调查。
23 d178923285d63e9968956a0a4758267e     
强制( constraint的名词复数 ); 限制; 约束
参考例句:
  • data and constraints can easily be changed to test theories. 信息库中的数据和限制条件可以轻易地改变以检验假设。 来自英汉非文学 - 科学史
  • what are the constraints that each of these imply for any design? 这每种产品的要求和约束对于设计意味着什么? 来自about face 3交互设计精髓
24 gfuzrt     
adj.不同的,变异的;n.变体,异体
参考例句:
  • we give professional suggestions according to variant tanning stages for each customer.我们针对每位顾客不同的日晒阶段,提供强度适合的晒黑建议。
  • in a variant of this approach,the tests are data- driven.这个方法的一个变种,是数据驱动的测试。
25 a0mzw     
n.突出;显著;杰出;重要
参考例句:
  • he came to prominence during the world cup in italy.他在意大利的世界杯赛中声名鹊起。
  • this young fashion designer is rising to prominence.这位年轻的时装设计师的声望越来越高。
26 5itzz     
n.流行病;盛行;adj.流行性的,流传极广的
参考例句:
  • that kind of epidemic disease has long been stamped out.那种传染病早已绝迹。
  • the authorities tried to localise the epidemic.当局试图把流行病限制在局部范围。
27 chmxz     
n.集会,聚会,聚集
参考例句:
  • he called on mr. white to speak at the gathering.他请怀特先生在集会上讲话。
  • he is on the wing gathering material for his novels.他正忙于为他的小说收集资料。
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