chapter 3 english literature in the 1 i.a historical background
ii.the 2 of the literature （1485-1660）
printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new 3 and direction of literature.
humanism-study of the literature of classical 4 and reformed education.
literary style-modeled on the ancients.
the effect of humanism-the 5 of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated 6.
1. poetry
the first tendency by sidney and spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.
the second tendency by donne: metaphysical style—complexity and 7.
the third tendency by johnson: reaction——classically pure and restrained style.
the fourth tendency by milton: central 8 and biblical tradition.
2. drama
a. the native tradition and classical examples.
b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: marlowe – shakespeare – jonson.
3. prose
a. translation of bible;
b. more;
c. bacon.
ii.english poetry.
1. sir thomas wyatt and henry howard （courtly 9）
（1） wyatt: introducing 11.
（2） howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.
2. sir philip sidney—poet, critic, prose writer
（1） life:
a. english gentleman;
b. brilliant and fascinating personality;
c. courtier.
（2） works
a. arcadia: pastoral romance;
b. astrophel and stella （108）: 10 sequence to penelope dvereux—platonic devotion.
petrarchan 12 and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a 13 story; theme-love originality-act of writing.
c. 14 of poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.
3. edmund spenser
（1） life: cambridge - sidney's friend - “areopagus” – ireland - westminster abbey.
（2） works
a. the shepherds calendar: the budding of english poetry in renaissance.
b. amoretti and epithalamion: sonnet sequence
c. faerie queene:
l the general end——a romantic and allegorical epic—steps to 15.
l 12 books and 12 16: holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.
l two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory （17 meaning）
l many 18 to classical writers.
l themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and renaissance neoclassicism—a christian humanist.
（3） spenserian 19.
iii.english prose
1. thomas more
（1） life: “renaissance man”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, 20, patron of arts
a. learned greek at canterbury college, 21;
b. studies law at lincoln inn;
c. lord 22;
d. beheaded.
（2） utopia: the first english science fiction.
written in latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.
a 23 24 （raphael hythloday） tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-utopia.
a. the part one is organized as dialogue with mariner 25 his philosophy.
b. the part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.
c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.
d. the book and the republic: an attempt to describe the republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.
e. it played a key role in the humanist 26 of the 16th century which moved away from the medieval otherworldliness towards renaissance 27.
f. the utopia
（3） the significance.
a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and 28 material.
b. a elegant latin scholar and the father of english prose: he composed works in english, translated from latin into english biography, wrote history of richard iii.
2. francis bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman
（1） life: cambridge - humanism in paris – knighted - lord chancellor – 29 - focusing on philosophy and literature.
（2） philosophical ideas: 30 of science—people:servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.
（3） “essays”: 57.
a. he was a master of numerous and 31 styles.
b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. （arguments）#p#分页标题#e#
iv.english drama
1. a general survey.
（1） everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.
（2） two influences.
a. the classics: classical in form and english in content;
b. native or popular drama.
（3） the university wits.
2. christopher marlowe: greatest 32 before shakespeare and most gifted of the wits.
（1） life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.
（2） major works
a. tamburlaine;
b. the jew of malta;
c. the 33 history of doctor faustus.
（3） the significance of his plays.
v. william shakespeare
1. life
（1） 1564, stratford-on-avon;
（2） grammar school;
（3） queen visit to castle;
（4） marriage to anne hathaway;
（5） london, the globe theatre: small part and 34;
（6） the 1st folio, quarto;
（7） 35, son—hamnet; h. 1616.
2. dramatic career
3. major plays-men-centered.
（1） romeo and juliet——tragic love and fate
（2） the merchant of venice.
good over evil.
anti-semitism.
（3） henry iv.
national 36.
falstaff.
（4） julius caesar
republicanism vs. dictatorship.
（5） hamlet
revenge
good/evil.
（6） othello
diabolic character
37
gap between appearance and reality.
（7） king lear
filial 38
（8） macbeth
ambition vs. fate.
（9） antony and cleopatra.
passion vs. reason
（10） the tempest
39; reality and illusion.
3. non-dramatic poetry
（1） venus and adonis; the 40 of lucrece.
（2） sonnets:
a. theme: fair, true, kind.
b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark 41.
c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.
d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.
vi.ben jonson
1. life: poet, dramatist, a latin and greek scholar, the “literary king” （sons of ben）
2.contribution:
（1） the idea of “humour”.
（2） an advocate of classical drama and a 42 of classicism in english literature.
3. major plays
（1） everyone in his humour—“humour”; three 43.
（2） volpone the fox
收听单词发音 
