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unit thirty-three
the liberty of press

the propositionwhich i mean to maintain as the basis of the liberty of the press, and without which it is an empty sound, is this: that every man, not intending to mislead, but seeking to enlightenothers with what his own reason and conscience, however erroneously, have ¹ to him as truth, may address himself to the universal reason of a whole nation, either upon the subject of government in general, or upon that of our own particular country; that he may analyse the principles of its constitution, point out its errors and defects, examine and publish its ⁴, warn his fellow-citizens against their ruinous consequences, and exert his whole ⁵ in pointing out the most ⁶ changes in establishments which he considers to be ^{7 8}, or sliding from their object by abuse. all his every subject of his country has right to do, if he ¹⁰ only what he thinks would be for its advantage, but seeks to change the public mind by the conviction which flows from reasonings dictated by conscience.
if, indeed, he writes what he does not think; if, ¹¹ the ¹²of others, he wickedly ¹³ what his own understanding approves; or, even admitting his real disgust against the government or its corruptions if he ¹⁵living ¹⁷, or holds out to individuals that they have a right to run before the public mind in their conduct; that they may oppose by contumacyor force what private reason only ¹⁸; that they may disobey the law, because their ¹⁹ condemns it; or resist the public will, because they honestly wish to change it – he is then a criminal upon every principle of rational policy, as well as upon the immemorial ²¹of english justice; because such a person seeks to disunite individuals from their duty to the whole, and excites to ²²acts of endeavouringto change, by the impulseof reason, that universal ²³which, in this and every country, constitutes the law for all.