2006年英语专业八级考试模拟题1-凯发k8官网

part i listening comprehension

　　part ii ¹ & error correction

　　the following passage contains ten errors. each indicated line contains a maximum of one error. in each case, only one word is involved. you should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way:

　　for a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in    the blank provided at the end of the line.

for a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a "/\" sign    and write the word you believe to be missing in the    blank provided at the end of the line.

　　for an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a ³ "/" and put the     word in the blank provided at the end of the line.

　　classic intention movement

　　in social situations, the classic intention movement is "the chair-

　　grasp". host and guest have been talking for some time, but now

　　the host has an appointment to keep and can get away. his urge

　　(1)

　　to go is held in check by his desire not be rude to his guest. if he

　　(2)

　　did not care of his guests feelings he would simply get up out of

　　(3)

　　his chair and to announce his departure. this is what his body

　　(4)

　　wants to do, therefore his politeness glues his body to the chair

　　(5)

　　and refuses to let him raise. it is at this ⁴ that he performs

　　(6)

　　the chair as about to push himself ⁶. this is the first act

　　(7)

　　he would make if he were rising. if he were not hesitating, it

　　(8)

　　would only last a fraction of the second. he would learn, push,

　　(9)

　　rise, and be up. but now, instead, it lasts much longer. he

　　holds his "readiness-to-rise" post and keeps on holding it. it is as

　　(10)

　　if his body had frozen at the get-ready moment.

　　1.

　　2.

　　3.

　　4.

　　5.

　　6.

　　7.

　　8.

　　9.

　　10.

part iii reading comprehensions

 

　　in this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. read the passages carefully and then write your answers on the space given.

text a

　　a magazines design is more than decoration, more than simple packaging. it expresses the magazines very character. the atlantic monthly has long attempted to provide a design environment in which two disparate traditions —— literary and journalistic —— can co-exist in pleasurable dignity. the redesign that we introduce with this issue —— the work of our art director, judy garlan —— represents, we think, a notable enhancement of that environment. garlan explains some of what was in her mind as she began to create the new design:" i saw this as an opportunity to bring the look closer to matching the ⁹ and power of the writing which the magazine is known for. the overall design has to be able to ¹⁰ a great diversity of styles and subjects —— urgent pieces of reporting, serious essays, ¹¹ pieces, lifestyle-oriented pieces, short stories, poetry. we dont want lighter pieces to seem too heavy, and we dont want heavier pieces to seem too pretty. we also use a broad range of art and photography, and the design has to work well with that, too. at the same time, the magazine needs to have a consistent feel, needs to underscore the sense that everything in it is part of one atlantic world. the primary typefaces garlan chose for this task are times roman, for a more readable body type, and bauer bodoni, for a more ¹³ and flexible display type (article titles, large initials, and so on). other aspects of the new design are ¹⁴. the articles in the front of the magazine, which once flowed into one another, now stand on their own, to gain ¹⁵. the travel column, now featured in every issue, has been moved from the back to the front. as ¹⁶ in this space last month, the word "monthly" rejoins "the atlantic" on the cover, after a decade-long absence. judy garlan came to the atlantic in 1981 after having served as the art director of several other magazines. during her ¹⁷ here the atlantic has won more than 300 awards for visual ¹⁸. from the society of illustrators, the american institute of ¹⁹ arts, the art directors club, communication arts, and elsewhere. garlan was in various ways assisted in the redesign by the entire art-department staff: ²⁰ gilmore, barnes, betsy urrico, gillian kahn, and lisa manning. the artist nicholas gaetano contributed as well: he redrew our colophon (the figure of ²¹ that appears on the contents page) and created the symbols that will appear regularly on this page (a rendition of our building), on the puzzler page, above the opening of letters, and on the masthead. gaetano, whose work manages to combine stylish clarity and breezy strength, is the cover artist for this issue.

　　11. part of the new design is to be concerned with the following except ______

　　a) variation in the typefaces.

　　b) reorganization of articles in the front.

　　c) creation of the travel column.

　　d) reinstatement of its former name.

　　12. according to the passage, the new design work involves ______

　　a) other artists as well.

　　b) other writers as well.

　　c) only the cover artist.

　　d) only the art director.

　　13. this article aims to ______

　　a) emphasize the importance of a magazine's design.

　　b) introduce the magazine's art director.

　　c) persuade the reader to ²² to the magazine.

　　d) inform the reader of its new design and features.

　　text b

　　why should anyone buy the latest volume in the ever-expanding dictionary of national biography? i do not mean that it is bad, as the reviewers will agree. but it will cost you 65 pounds. and have you got the rest of volumes? you need the basic 22 plus the largely decennial supplements to bring the total to 31. of course, it will be answered, public and academic libraries will want the new volume. after all, it adds 1,068 lives of people who escaped the net of the original compilers. yet in 10 years time a revised version of the whole caboodle, called the new dictionary of national biography, will be published. its editor, professor colin matthew, tells me that he will have room for about 50,000 lives, some 13,000 more than in the current dnb. this rather puts the 1,068 in missing persons in the shade. when dr nicholls wrote to the spectator in 1989 asking for names of people whom readers had looked up in the dnb and had been disappointed not to find, she says that she received some 100,000 suggestions. (well, she had written to "other quality newspapers" too. ) as soon as her committee had ²³ the numbers down, the professional problems of an editor began. contributors didnt file copy on time; some who did sent too many: 50,000 words instead of 500 is a record, according dr nicholls. there ²⁴ the dinner-party game of whos out. that is a game that the reviewers have played and will continue to play. criminals were my initial worry. after all, the original edition of the dnb boasted: malefactors whose crimes excite a permanent interest have received hardly less attention than ²⁵. mr. john gross clearly had similar anxieties, for he complains that, while the murderer christie is in, crippen is out. one might say in reply that the ²⁶ of the hanging of evans instead of christie was a force in the ²⁷ of capital punishment in britain, as ludovie kennedy (the author of christie entry in missing persons) notes. but then crippen was reputed as the first murderer to be caught by telegraphy (he had tried to escaped by ship to america). it is surprising to find max ²⁸ excluded when really not very ²⁹ names get in. there has been a conscious effort to put in artists and architects from the middle ages. about their lives not much is always known. of hugo of bury st. edmunds, a 12th-century ³⁰ whose dates of birth and death are not recorded, his biographer comments:" whether or not hugo was a wall-painter, the records f his activities as carver and manuscript painter ³¹ to his ³²". then there had to be more women, too (12 per cent, against the original dbns 3), such as roy strongs subject, the tudor painter levina teerlinc, of whom he remarks:" her most characteristic feature is a head attached to a too small, spindly body. her technique remained awkward, thin and often ³³". doesnt seem to qualify her as a memorable artist. yet it may be better than the record of the original dnb, which included lives of people who never existed (such as merlin) and even managed to give thanks to j. w. clerke as a contributor, though , as a later edition admits in a shamefaced footnote, "except for the entry in the list of contributors there is no trace of j. w. clerke".

　　14. the writer suggests that there is no sense in buying the latest volume ______

　　a) because it is not worth the price.

　　b) because it has fewer entries than before.

　　c) unless one has all the volumes in his collection.

　　d) unless an expanded dnb will come out shortly.

　　15. on the issue of who should be included in the dnb, the writer seems to suggest that ______

　　a) the editors had clear rules to follow.

　　b) there were too many criminals in the entries.

　　c) the editors clearly favoured benefactors.

　　d) the editors were ³⁴ in their choices.

　　16. crippen was absent from the dnb ______

　　a) because he escaped to the u.s.

　　b) because death sentence had been abolished.

　　c) for reasons not clarified.

　　d) because of the editors' mistake.

　　17. the author quoted a few entries in the last paragraph to ______

　　a) ³⁵ some features of the dnb.

　　b) give emphasis to his argument.

　　c) impress the reader with its content.

　　d) highlight the people in the middle ages.

　　18. throughout the passage, the writer's tone towards the dnb was ______

　　a) ³⁶.

　　b) supportive.

　　c) ³⁷.

　　d) bitter.#p#

text c

 

　　medical consumerism —— like all sorts of consumerism, only more menacingly —— is designed to be unsatisfying. the prolongation of life and the search for perfect health (beauty, youth, happiness) are inherently self-defeating.the law of diminishing returns necessarily applies. you can make higher percentages of people survive into their eighties and nineties. but as any geriatric ⁷ shows, that is not the same as to confer enduring ³⁸, ³⁹ and autonomy. extending life grows medically feasible, but it is often a life deprived of everything, and one exposed to degrading neglect as resources grow over-stretched and politics turn mean. what an ⁴⁰ destiny for medicine if its future turned into one of ⁴¹ meagre ⁴² of unenjoyed life! it would mirror the fate of ⁴³, in which disproportionate energies and resources —— not least medical ones, like illegal steroids —— are now invested to shave records by milliseconds and, it goes without saying, the logical extension of longevism —— the "⁴⁴" of death —— would not be a solution but only an ⁴⁵. to air these predicaments is not anti-medical spleen —— a churlish ⁴⁶ against medicine for its victories —— but simply to face the growing reality of medical power not exactly without responsibility but with dissolving goals. hence medicines finest hour becomes the dawn of its ⁴⁷. for centuries, medicine was impotent and hence unproblematic. from the greeks to the great war, its job was simple: to struggle with ⁴⁸ diseases and gross disabilities, to ensure live births, and to manage pain. it performed these uncontroversial tasks by and large with meagre success. today, with mission ⁴⁹, medicines triumphs are dissolving in disorientation. medicine has led to vastly ⁵⁰ expectations, which the public has eagerly swallowed. yet as these expectations grow un-limited, they become unfulfillable. the task facing medicine in the twenty-first century will be to redefine its limits even as it extend its capacities.

　　19. in the author's opinion, the prolongation of life is equal to ______

　　a) mobility.

　　b) ⁵¹.

　　c) autonomy.

　　d) awareness.

　　20. in the second paragraph a comparison is ⁵² between ______

　　a) medicine and life.

　　b) resources and energies.

　　c) predicaments and solutions.

　　d) athletics and longevism.

　　text d

　　the biggest problem facing chile as it promotes itself as a tourist destination to be reckoned with, is that it is at the end of the earth. it is too far south to be a convenient stop on the way to anywhere else and is much farther than a ⁵³ cheap half-days flight away from the big tourist markets, unlike mexico, for example. chile, therefore, is having to fight hard to attract tourists, to convince travellers that it is worth coming ⁵⁴ round the world to visit. but it is succeeding, not only in existing markets like the usa and western europe but in new territories, in particular the far east. markets closer to home, however, are not being forgotten. more than 50% of visitors to chile still come from its nearest neighbour, argentina, where the cost of living is much higher. like all south american countries, chile sees tourism as a valuable earner of foreign currency, although it has been far more serious than most in promoting its image abroad. relatively stable politically within the region, it has benefited from the problems suffered in other areas. in peru, guerrilla ⁵⁵ in recent years has dealt a heavy blow to the tourist industry and fear of street crime in brazil has reduced the attraction of rio de janeiro as a dream destination for foreigners. more than 150,000 people are directly involved in chiles tourist ⁵⁶, an industry which earns the country more than us950 million each year. the state-run national tourism service, in ⁵⁷ with a number of private companies, is currently running a world-wide campaign, taking part in trade fairs and international events to attract visitors to chile. chiles great strength as a tourist destination is its ⁵⁸ diversity. from the ⁵⁹ atacama desert in the north to the antarctic snowfields of the south, it is more than 5,000km long. with the pacific on one side and the andean mountains on the other, chile boasts natural attractions. its beaches are not up to caribbean standards but resorts such as vina del ² are generally clean and unspoilt and have a high standard of services. but the ⁶⁰ card is the andes mountain range. there are a number of excellent ski resorts within one hours drive of the capital, santiago, and the national parks in the south are home to rare animal and plant species. the parks already attract specialist visitors, including mountaineers, who come to climb the ⁶¹ difficult peaks, and fishermen, ⁶² by the ⁶³ and ⁶⁴ in the regions rivers. however, ⁶⁵ development in these areas is limited. the ski resorts do not have as many lifts as their european counterparts and part poor quality of roads in the south means that only the most ⁶⁶ travellers see the best of the national parks. air links between chile and the rest of the world are, at present, relatively poor. while chiles two largest airlines have extensive networks within south america, they operate only a small number of routes to the us and europe while services to asia are almost non-existent. internal transport links are being improved and luxury hotels are being built in one of its national parks. nor is development being restricted to the andes. easter island and chiles antarctic territory are also on the list of areas where the government believes it can create tourist markets. but the rush to open hitherto ⁶⁷ areas to mass tourism is not being welcomed by everyone. ⁶⁸ and environmental groups, including greenpeace, say that many parts of the andes will suffer if they become over-developed. there is a genuine fear that areas of chile will suffer the cultural destruction witnessed in mexico and european resorts. the policy of opening up antarctica to tourism is also politically sensitive. chile already has permanent settlements on the ice and many people see the decision to allow tourists there as a political move, enhancing santiagos ⁶⁹ claim over part of antarctica. the chilean government has promised to respect the environment as it seeks to bring tourism potential. the government will have to monitor developments closely if it is genuinely concerned in creating a balanced, controlled industry and if the price of an increasingly ⁷⁰ tourist market is not going to mean the loss of many of chiles natural riches.

　　21. chile is disadvantaged in the ⁷¹ of its tourism by ______

　　a) geographical location.

　　b) guerrilla warfare.

　　c) political instability.

　　d) street crime.

　　22. many of chiles tourists used to come from except ______

　　a) usa

　　b) the far east.

　　c) western europe.

　　d) her neighbours.

　　23. according to the author, chile's greatest attraction is ______

　　a) the unspoilt beaches.

　　b) the dry and hot desert.

　　c) the famous mountain range.

　　d) the high standard of services.

　　24. according to the passage, in which area improvement is already under way?

　　a) facilities in the ski resorts.

　　b) domestic transport system.

　　c) air services to asia.

　　d) road network in the south.

　　25. the objection to the development of chile's tourism might be all except that it ______

　　a) is ambitious and unrealistic.

　　b) is politically sensitive.

　　c) will bring harm to culture.

　　d) will cause pollution in the area.

　　section b skimming and scanning

　　in this section there are seven passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.

　　text e

　　first read the question.

　　26. the main purpose of the passage is to ______

　　a. illustrate the features of willpower.

　　b. introduce ways to build up willpower.

　　c. explain the advantages of willpower.

　　d. define the essence of willpower.

now, go through the text quickly and answer the question.

 

　　willpower isnt some ⁷² trait were either born with or not. it is a skill that can be developed, strengthened and targeted to help us achieve our goals. "fundamental among mans inner powers is the tremendous unrealized ⁷³ of mans own will," wrote italian psychologist roberto assagioli 25 years ago. " the trained will is a masterful weapon," added alan marlatt of the university of washington, a psychologist who is studying how willpower helps people break habits and change their lives. "the dictionary defines willpower as control of ones impulses and actions. the key words are power and control. the power is their , but you have to control it." here, from marlatt and other experts, is how to do that: be positive. dont confuse willpower with self-denial. willpower is most dynamic when ⁷⁴ to positive, uplifting purposes. positive willpower helps us overcome ⁷⁵ and focus on the future. when the going gets tough, ⁷⁶ yourself happily and busily engaged in your goal, and youll keep working toward it. make up your mind. james prochaska, professor of ⁷⁷ at the university of rhode island, has identified four stages in making a change. he calls them precontemplation (resisting the change), contemplation (weighing the ⁷⁸ and ¹² of the change), action (exercising willpower to make the change), and maintenance (using willpower to sustain the change). some people are "⁷⁹ contemplators," prochaska says. they know they should reduce their drinking but will have one more ⁸⁰ while they consider the matter. they may never put contemplation into action. to focus and mobilize your efforts, set a deadline. sharpen your will. in 1915, psychologist boyd barrett suggested a list of repetitive will-training activities-stepping up and down from a chair 30 times, spilling a box of matches and carefully replacing them one by one. these exercises, he maintained, strengthen the will so it can confront more ⁸¹ and difficult challenges. new ⁸² sen. bill bradley was a basketball with the champion new york knicks. on top of regular practice, he always went to the gym early and practised ⁸³ shots alone. he was determined to be the best form of the foul line. true to his goal, he developed the highest percentage of successful free throws on his team. expect trouble. the saying "where theres a will, theres a way" is not the whole truth. given the will, you still have to anticipate obstacles and plan how to deal with them. when professor of psychology saul shiffman of the university of pittsburgh worked with reformed ⁸⁴ whos gone back to cigarettes, he found that many of them hadnt considered how theyd cope with the urge to smoke. they had summoned the strength to quit, but couldnt remain disciplined. the first time they were offered a cigarette, they went back to smoking. if youv given up alcohol, rehearse your answer for when youre offered a drink. if youre expecting to jog but wake up to a storm, have an indoor workout program ready. be realistic. the strongest will may ⁸⁵ when the goal is to lose 50 pounds in three months or to exercise three hours a day. add failure undercuts your desire to try again. sometimes its best to set a series of small goals instead of a single big one. as in the ^{86 87} slogan "one day at a time," divide your objective into one-day segments, then renew your resolve the next day. at the end of a week, youll have a series of triumphs to look back on. be patient. a strong will doesnt develop overnight. it takes shape in increments, and there can be setbacks. figure out what caused you to backslide, and redouble your efforts. when a friend of ours tried to give up cigarettes the first time, she failed. ⁸⁸ her relapse, she realized she needed to do something with her hands. on her second try, she took up knitting and brought out needles and ⁸⁹ every time she was ⁸ to light up. within months she had knitted a sweater for her husband —— and seemed to be off cigarettes for good. keep it up. a strong will becomes stronger each time it succeeds. if youve successfully ⁹⁰ the willpower to kick a bad habit or leave a dead-end job, you gain confidence to confront other challenges. a record of success fosters an inner voice of confidence that, in the words of assagioli, gives you "a firm foot on the edge of the ⁹¹." you may face more difficult tasks, but youve conquered before, and you can conquer again.

　　26. the main purpose of the passage is to ______

　　a) illustrate the features of willpower.

　　b) introduce ways to build up willpower.

　　c) explain the advantages of willpower.

　　d) define the essence of willpower.

　　text f

　　first read the question.

　　27. the message of the passage is that shares can now be sold ______

　　a. through the computer.

　　b. in the shop.

　　c. at the bank.

　　d. through the mail.

　　now, go through the text quickly and answer the question.

　　⁹² seeking a cheap, no-frills way to sell privatisation shares need look no further than the post box. most ⁹³ offer bargain-basement deals on ⁹⁵ trades. they are ideal for selling a small holding for the lowest possible commission. but the arrangements leave investors at the mercy of the royal mail and a seller will not know in advance how much a sale will produce. data processing engineer mark stanistreet of bradford sold by post after buying a few national power and powergen shares when they were privatised. he says: "i didnt really know where to go to for help. an information slip with the shares gave details of yorkshire building societys share shop service, which offered to sell for a flat fee of ?. "it was an ideal first step that showed me how easy and cheap it is to sell shares. i have been investing in a small way since then. "i use yorkshires telephone service, which has a ? minimum fee." many stock ⁹⁴ offer postal deals as part of their usual ⁹⁷ services, but clients may normally sell only big company or privatisation shares this way. sharelinks minimum postal commission is 7.50, skipton building societys is 9 and nat wests is 9.95.

　　27. the message of the passage is that shares can now be sold ______

　　a) through the computer.

　　b) in the shop.

　　c) at the bank.

　　d) through the mail.

　　text g

　　first read the question.

　　28. in the passage the authors attitude towards the subject under discussion is ______

　　a. factual.

　　b. critical.

　　c. ⁹⁸.

　　d. ambiguous.

　　now, go through the text quickly and answer the question.

　　with increasing prosperity, western european youth is having a fling that is creating ⁹⁹ consumer and cultural patterns. the result has been the increasing ¹⁰⁰ in europe of that phenomenon well known in america as the "youth market." this is a market in which enterprising businesses ¹⁰¹ to the demands of teenagers and older youths in all their rock ¹⁰² and pop-art forms. in western europe, the youth market ma y appropriately be said to be in its ¹⁰³. in some countries such as britain, west germany and france, it is more advanced than in others. some ¹⁰⁴ of the subject of organized consumer research and promotion. characteristics of the evolving european youth market indicate dissimilarities as well as similarities to the american youth market. the similarities: the markets basis is ¹⁰⁵ the same —— more spending power and freedom to use it in the hands of teenagers and older youth. young consumers also make up an increasingly high proportion of the population. as in the united states, youthful tastes in europe extend over a similar range of products —— records and record players, ¹⁰⁶ radios, leather jackets and "way out." ¹⁰⁷ styled clothing, ¹⁰⁸ and soft drinks. generally it now is difficult to tell in which direction trans-atlantic teenage influences are flowing. also, a pattern of ¹⁰⁹ dominates european youth as in this country, though in britain the object is to wear clothes that "make the wearer stand out." but also make him "in," such as tight trousers and ¹¹⁰ tailored jackets. worship and ¹¹¹ of "¹¹²" in the entertainment field, especially the "pop" singers and other performers is ¹¹³. there is also the same ¹¹⁴ and unpredictability in sudden ¹¹⁵ switches. in paris, buyers of stores ¹¹⁶ to the youth market carefully watch what dress is being worn by a popular television teenage singer to be ready for a sudden demand for copies. in stockholm other ¹¹⁷ of teenage ¹¹⁸ call the youth market "attractive but irrational." the most obvious differences between the youth market in europe and that in the united states is in size. in terms of volume and variety of sales, the market in europe is only a shadow of its american counterpart, but it is a growing shadow. but there are also these important dissimilarities generally with american youth market: in the european youth market, unlike that of that united states, it is the working youth who provides the bulk of purchasing power. on the average, the school-finishing age still tends to be 14 years. this is the maximum age to which ¹¹⁹ education extends, and with europes industrial manpower shortage, thousands of teenage youths may soon ¹²⁰ incomes equal in many cases to that of their fathers. although, because of general prosperity, european youths are beginning to continue school studies beyond the compulsory maximum age, they do not receive anything like the pocket money or "allowances" of american teenagers. the european average is about 5 to 10 a month. working youth, consequently, are the big spenders in the european youth market, but they also have less leisure than those staying on at school. who in turn have less buying power.#p#

28. in the passage the author's attitude towards the subject under discussion is ______

 

　　a) factual.

　　b) critical.

　　c) favourable.

　　d) ambiguous.

　　text h

　　first read the question.

　　29. the passage mainly ______

　　a. discusses patterns in company car use.

　　b. advertises famous british company cars.

　　c. recommends inexpensive company cars.

　　d. introduces different models of cars.

　　now, go through the text quickly and answer the question.

　　motorists would rather pay more tax than lose the place in the ¹²¹ pecking order conferred on them by their company cars. and is is the company car —— which accounts for half of all new motor sales each year —— which continues to be the key method of measuring your progress up the ¹²² pole. although a roll-royce or bentley is the ultimate success symbol, a ¹²³ is still desired by most top directors, according to the survey by top peoples pay and ¹²⁴ experts at the ¹²⁵ partnership. about 40 per cent of company cars are perks rather than necessities for the job, even though the average company car driver with a 500cc engine is paying more than three times as much in tax compared to a decade ago. average cash allowances for a company car rise from ?,500 for those whose job requires them to have four wheels, to ?,000 for chief executives. for company chairmen, the bmw 7 series and ¹²⁶ daimler double six top the list of favoured cars, with upper range mercedes-benz models close behind. the chief executives tastes follow a similar pattern with jaguars sovereign 4.0 litre and xj6 3.2, mercedes-benzs 320/300 and the bmx 7-series proving most popular. or other directors, the bmx 5 series is tops, followed by the mercedes-benz 200 series, jaguars xj6 3.2 and the rover 800 series. senior managers favour the bmx 3 and 5 series, depending on their rank and company size. sales representatives drive the 1.8 and 1.6 litre ⁹⁶ mondeos, rover 200 and 400 series and peugeots 405. top of the prohibited list are sports cars and ¹²⁷. but british policies are being relaxed, with64 per cent of companies offering japanese cars. the practice of employees trading up making cash contribution to the value of the car they want is becoming more common, with some firms reporting take-up rates in excess of 70 per cent.

　　29. the passage mainly ______

　　a) discusses patterns in company car use.

　　b) advertises famous british company cars.

　　c) recommends inexpensive company cars.

　　d) introduces different models of cars.

　　text i

　　first read the questions.

　　30. _____ deals with marxs intellectual impact.

　　a. chapter i

　　b. chapter ii

　　c. chapter iii

　　d. chapter iv

　　31. the chapter that discusses an important source of learning in high-technology industries is ______

　　a. chapter iii.

　　b. chapter iv.

　　c. chapter v.

　　d. chapter vi.

　　32. the role of market forces in ¹²⁸ activities is addressed in ______

　　a. part i.

　　b. part ii.

　　c. part iii.

　　d. part iv.

　　now, go through the text quickly and answer the questions.

　　the book opens with a broad survey, in part i, of the historical literature on technical change. it attempts to provide a guide to a wide range of writings that ^{129 130} change as a historical phenomenon. the first chapter discusses aspects of the conceptualization of technological change and then goes on to consider what the literature has had to say on (1) the rate of technological change, (2) the forces influencing its direction, (3) the speed with which new technologies have ¹³¹, and (4) the impact of technological change on the growth in productivity. a separate chapter is ¹³² to marx. marxs intellectual impact has bee so pervasive as to rank him as a major social force in history as well as an armchair interpreter of history. part ii is, in important respects, the core of the book. each of its chapters advantages an argument about some significant characteristics of industrial technologies. chapter 3 explores a variety of less visible forms in which technological improvements enter the economy. chapter 4 ¹³³ considers some significant characteristics of different energy forms. it examines some of the ¹³⁴ of the long-term interactions between technological change and energy resources. chapter 5, "on technological expectation," addresses an issue that is ¹³⁵ relevant to a wide range of industries —— indeed, to all industries that are experiencing, or are expected to experience, substantial rates of technical improvement. the last two chapters of part ii are primarily concerned with issues of greatest ¹³⁶ to high-technology industries. chapter 6, "learning by using," identifies an important source of learning that grows out of actual experience in using products characterized by a high degree of system ¹³⁷. in contrast to learning by doing, which deals skill improvements that grow out of the productive process, learning by using involves an experience that begins where learning by doing ends. the final chapter in part ii, "how exogenous is science?" looks explicitly at the nature of science technology interactions in high-technology industries. it examines some of the specific ways in which these industries have been drawing upon the expanding pool of scientific knowledge and techniques. the three chapters constituting part iii share a common concern with the role of market forces in shaping both the rate and the direction of innovative activities. they attempt to look into the composition of forces constituting the demand and the supply for new products and processes, especially in high-technology industries. chapter 8 examines the history of technical change in the commercial aircraft industry over a fifty-year period 1925-1975. finally, the two chapters of part iv place the discussion of technological change in an international context, with the first chapter oriented toward its long history and second toward the present and the future. chapter 11 pays primary attention to the transfer of industrial technology from britain to the world-wide industrialization, because nineteenth-century industrialization was, in considerable measure, the story of the overseas transfer of the technologies already developed by the first industrial society. the last chapter speculates about the ¹³⁸ for the future from an american perspective, a perspective that is often dominated by ¹³⁹ over the loss of american technological leadership, especially high-technology industries. by drawing upon some of the the distinctive characteristics of high-technology industries, an attempt is made to identify possible elements of a future ¹⁴⁰.

　　30. _____ deals with marx's intellectual impact.

　　a) chapter i

　　b) chapter ii

　　c) chapter iii

　　d) chapter iv

　　31. the chapter that discusses an important source of learning in high-technology industries is ______

　　a) chapter iii.

　　b) chapter iv.

　　c) chapter v.

　　d) chapter vi.

　　32. the role of market forces in innovative activities is addressed in ______

　　a) part i.

　　b) part ii.

　　c) part iii.

　　d) part iv.

　　text j

　　first read the questions.

　　33. who can enter the contest?

　　a. ¹⁴¹.

　　b. undergraduates.

　　c. journalists.

　　d. teachers.

　　34. which of the following entry rules is not correct?

　　a. ¹⁴² had been published within a ¹⁴⁴ period.

　　b. no limits are set on content or length of the ¹⁴³.

　　c. each entrant can submit no more than one entry.

　　d. a cover letter by the entrant is required.

　　now, go through the text quickly and answer the questions.

the fifth annual nation/i.f. stone award for student ¹⁴⁵ entry deadline: june 29,1994 purpose: the nation institute/i.f. stone award recognizes excellence in student journalism. entries should exhibit the uniquely independent journalistic tradition of i.f. stone. a self-described "jeffersonian marxist," stone combined progressive politics, investigative ¹⁴⁶ and a compulsion to tell the truth a commitment to human rights and the exposure of injustice. as washington editor of the nation magazine and ¹⁴⁷ of the ¹⁴⁸ i.f. stones weekly, he ¹⁴⁹ in publishing information ignored by the ¹⁵⁰ media (which he often found in the congressional record and other public documents overlooked by the big-circulation dailies). ¹⁵¹: the contest is open to all undergraduate students ¹⁵² in a u.s. college. articles may be submitted by the writers themselves or nominated by editors of student publications or ¹⁵³ members. while entries originally published in student publication are preferred, all articles will be considered provided they were not written as part of a students regular course work. the prize: the article that, in the opinion of the judges, represents the most outstanding example of student journalism in the tradition of i.f. stone will be published in a fall issue of the nation. the winner will receive a cash award of 1,000.the nation reserves the right to edit the winning article to conform to the space limitations of the magazine. announcement of the winning article will be made in the nation in the fall of 1994. deadline; all entries must be postmarked by june 29,1994. entry rules: all entries must have been written or published between june 30, 1993 and june 29, 1994. please send 2 ¹⁵⁴. each writer may submit up to three separate entries. a series of related articles will be considered as a single entry. investigative articles are particularly encouraged. there are no ¹⁵⁵ as to scope, content or length. accompanying material in support of entries is not required, but entrants are encouraged to submit a cover letter explaining the context of the submitted story, along with a brief biographical note about the author. elaborate presentations are neither required nor desire. entries will not be returned. judges reserve the right to ¹⁵⁶, accept or ¹⁵⁷ entries at their ¹⁵⁸. the decision of the judges is final. all entries must include the writers school, home address and telephone number. all entries should be sent to: nation/stone award, c/o the nation institute, 72 fifth avenue, new york, ny 10011 for further information, please call (212) 463-9270. a project of the nation institute

 

　　33. who can enter the contest?

　　a) postgraduates.

　　b) undergraduates.

　　c) journalists.

　　d) teachers.

　　34. which of the following entry rules is not correct?

　　a) submissions had been published within a specified period.

　　b) no limits are set on content or length of the submission.

　　c) each entrant can submit no more than one entry.

　　d) a cover letter by the entrant is required.

　　text k

　　first read the question.

　　35. according to the holiday advertisement, 939 is for a ______

　　a. two-week holiday in october.

　　b. two-week holiday in november.

　　c. three-week holiday in november.

　　d. three-week holiday in october.

　　now, go through the text quickly and answer the questions.

　　hawaii what price paradise? less than you could possibly imagine on this incredible value holiday with page & moy, the uks no 1your operator to hawaii. you can enjoy three weeks for the price of two at the outrigger village hotel for just 899 during november or 939 in october. the polynesians call hawaii "paradise on earth". youll soon see why, whilst enjoying the facilities of the outrigger village hotel including pool, bars, restaurant and shopping ¹⁵⁹, and just a five minute walk from the legendary waikiki beach. life can be as busy or as relaxing as you like —— we can even help you create your own ¹⁶⁰ of excursions to the other islands, each ¹⁶¹ beautiful but very different. to start your holiday you can choose a 2 night stay in san francisco, los angeles or las vegas absolutely free. join us in the tropical paradise of hawaii —— 2 weeks from an unrepeatable price of 899 with a 3rd week free.

　　the price includes 2 nights in san francisco, los angeles or las vegas. scheduled flights from london/ manchester/ birmingham. transfers between airport and hotels (except las vegas). 14 nights accommodation in hawaii —— 3rd week free. traditional lei greeting. services of experienced local travel representatives. free travel bag. holiday delay insurance.

　　35. according to the holiday advertisement, '939 is for a ______

　　a) two-week holiday in october.

　　b) two-week holiday in november.

　　c) three-week holiday in november.

　　d) three-week holiday in october.

　　part iv translation

　　section a     chinese to english:

　　translation the following underlined part of the text into english. write your translation on answer sheet three.

　　来美国求学的中国学生与其他亚裔学生一样，大多非常刻苦勤奋，周末也往往会抽出一天甚至两天的时间去实验室加班，因而比起美国学生来，成果出得较多。我的导师是亚裔人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁。但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识，也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。因此，在他实验室所招的学生中，除有一名来自德国外，其余五位均是亚裔学生。他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌：“本室助研必须每周工作七天，早10时至晚12时，工作时间必须全力以赴。”这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我所呆的3年半中，共有14位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。1990年夏天，我不顾别人劝阻，硬着头皮接受了导师的资助，从此开始了艰难的求学旅程。

section b english to chinese

 

　　translate the following text into chinese. write your translation on answer sheet three.

　　opera is expensive: that much is ¹⁶². but expensive things are not ¹⁶³ the province of the rich unless we ¹⁶⁴ societys power of choice. we can choose to make opera, and other expensive forms of culture, accessible t those who cannot individually pay for it. the question is: why should we? nobody denies the ¹⁶⁵ of food, shelter, defence, health and education. but even in a ¹⁶⁶ cave, mankind stretched out a hand not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. the impulse towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation is fundamental. in europe, this desire has found fulfillment in the masterpieces of our music, art l, literature and theatre. these masterpieces are the touchstones for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may ¹⁶⁷; they carry the most profound messages that can be sent from one human to another.

　　part v writing

　　in the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. in the last part you should bring what have written to a natural conclusion with a summary. marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. write your response on answer sheet four.

　　some people hold that view that a students success in university study follows the same pattern as that of farming, which is characterized by the sowing the seeds, ¹⁶⁸ growth and harvesting the rewards process. write an essay of ⁵ 300 words on the topic given below to support this view with your own experience as a university student.

　　sowing the seeds, nurturing growth and harvesting the rewards

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