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6)powers of the senate: the senate has the power to ①introduced legislation on any subject except revenue bills (除了税收法案). it has the authority to ②confirm or reject predidential appointments(总统任命) of high officials as well as the u.s. foreign treaties. ③its chairman is the 1 president.
参议院权利:1立法除税收。还有一些特殊权利:2批准或否决总统任命的高级官员及外交条约;领导人是副总统。
7)the 2 system has evolved into the present structure: according to the constitution, the judicial power of the u.s shall be vested in one 3 court. the judicial system has evolved into the present structure: the supreme court, 11 court of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special 4. u.s.judges are appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate.
根据宪法规定,美国的司法权属于最高法院,司法体系结构为:最高法院,11个上诉法院,91个地方法院,3个有特殊司法权的法院,美国的法官是由总统任命并由参议院批准的。
8)the two-party system and the characteristics of the two major parties
①the two-party system:the two party system means that the two major political parties — now the 5 and the republicans — compete with each other to dominate politics at the federal, state, and local levels.
两党制意味着两个主要的政党—目前为民主党和共和党—支配着联邦、州及地方的政治舞台。
②the characteristics of the two major parties:the two major parties are not very different today. they are two 6 of interests and interest groups(利益集团的联合). there is no strict party discipline(党纪). one does not have to apply or go through necessary formalities to become a member of either party. but there are some differences between them. the democrats traditionally favour government 7 (主张政府干涉经济)while the republicans stress the role of the market (市场作用)more. on social issue the democrats support a strong social security system (社会安全保障体制) while the republicans oppose large governmental social security programs. in spite of these differenes, the two parties both believe in individualism, defend 8 and uphold private ownership of means of production(坚持生产资料私有制) .
两个主要政党今天并没有实质区别。他们是利益集团的联合。没有严格的党纪。要想成为某党成员,不需要申请或办理必要的手续。但他们有所不同。民主党主张政府干涉,共和党则强调市场作用。在社会问题上,民主党支持建立强大的社会保障体系,而共和党反对大规模的政府社会保障计划。尽管存在这些区别,两党都信仰个人主义,保护资本主义制度,维护生产资料私有制。
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